Abstract:Background
Liver metastasis is not uncommon in men with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), estimated at ~20% to 60% of advanced late‐stage patients. Liver and other visceral metastases are associated with worse overall survival. Recent evidence suggests the frequency of visceral metastases may be increasing for reasons that are unclear but may be related to selective pressures induced by modern therapies, including second‐generation antiandrogen receptor signaling inhibitors such as enzal… Show more
“…Up till now, a few of methods including intracardiac injection 27 and hemi-spleen injection 28 has been introduced to study liver metastasis in different cancer types. However, intracardiac and hemi-spleen injections fail to mimic the tumour progression in the orthotopic sites where the primary tumour develops and skip the epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and intravasation steps during metastasis.…”
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
“…Up till now, a few of methods including intracardiac injection 27 and hemi-spleen injection 28 has been introduced to study liver metastasis in different cancer types. However, intracardiac and hemi-spleen injections fail to mimic the tumour progression in the orthotopic sites where the primary tumour develops and skip the epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and intravasation steps during metastasis.…”
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
“…Additionally, large numbers of injections can be performed in a single day without a decrement in the tumor uptake rate, enabling multi-arm survival analyses to be appropriately powered. Current methodologic reports detailing orthotopic injections are often quite limited in description of operative techniques and presume the researcher has knowledge of surgical techniques (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). This leaves significant knowledge gaps for researchers who are new to this procedure.…”
For patients with pancreatic cancer, survival rates lag behind other common cancers. This is in part due to the relative resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics and novel immune- or targeted-therapies. Ongoing research efforts are needed to identify and validate effective therapies. It is the unfortunate reality that a significant proportion of pre-clinical success does not translate into improved patient outcomes, likely due to a multitude of factors. In the current research landscape, flank xenograft models are commonly utilized to study pancreatic cancer, as this technique is fast, fairly non-invasive, and reliable. However, this model is not anatomically or physiologically accurate, does not impact other intra-abdominal organs, and experiments are often ended based on tumor size rather than systemic illness. Orthotopic injections of cancer cells directly into the pancreas for study of localized disease or into the spleen for study of hepatic metastases can be performed via a quick, reliable, minimally invasive surgical procedure with minimal morbidity and mortality. Existing methodologic reports are often sparse. Thus, there are significant knowledge and technical gaps for researchers attempting these techniques for the first time. In the current report, details of orthotopic pancreatic injections and splenic injections for metastatic disease are provided. Details of commonly encountered operative issues and mistakes are presented with suggestions to improve performance are described. A summary of expected outcomes is also provided herein.
“…However, adaptation of the FVB Myc-CaP cell line to model disseminated PCa has progressed at a slower pace. A recent report describes use of the cell line to induce liver tumors after injection in the spleen [14] . The same cell line on the C57BL/6 rather than the original FVB/NJ background was recently shown to form bone tumors after systemic (intra-cardiac) inoculation, but only from a single cell suspension of an existing tumor – which limits the studies that can be performed with the model [15] .…”
Highlights
Mouse prostate cancer Myc-CaP cells readily form bone tumors in FVB/NJ mice.
Tumors are grossly confined to bone after intraosseous injection.
Myc-CaP bone tumors have a mixed osteolytic/osteosclerotic morphology.
Syngeneic Myc-CaP tumors model key aspects of prostate cancer bone metastases.
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