“…A trauma framework, however, might have significant conceptual, empirical, and translational utility for consideration for future research in this important area of study. Over the years, a number of studies have demonstrated a biopsychosocial interaction between traumatic stress and substance use, describing the relationship between the two conditions as reciprocal and complex (Grella, Stein, & Greenwell, 2005;Janikowski & Glover, 1994;Sprang et al, 2008). Studies have documented trauma exposure ranging from 30% to 90% in substance-using, treatment-seeking samples (Moncrieff, Drummond, Candy, Checinski, & Farmer, 1996;Najavits, Weiss, Shaw, & Muenz, 1998;Rice et al, 2001).…”