Inactivation of Ichthyophonus spores using sodium hypochlorite and polyvinyl pyrrolidone iodine

Abstract

Chlorine and iodine solutions were effective at inactivating Ichthyophonus spores in vitro. Inactivation in sea water increased directly with halogen concentration and exposure duration, with significant differences (P < 0.05) from controls occurring at all chlorine concentrations and exposure durations tested (1.5-13.3 ppm for 1-60 min) and at most iodine concentrations and exposure durations tested (1.2 ppm for 60 min and 5.9-10.7 ppm for 1-60 min). However, 10-fold reductions in spore viability occurred only after exposure to halogen solutions at higher concentrations and/or longer durations (13 ppm total chlorine for 1-60 min, 5.9 ppm total iodine for 60 min, and 10.7 ppm total iodine for 1-60 min). Inactivation efficacy was greater when halogen solutions were prepared in fresh water, presumably because of combined effects of halogen-induced inactivation and general spore instability in fresh water. The results have practical implications for disinfection and biocontainment in research laboratories and other facilities that handle live Ichthyophonus cultures and/or infected fish.

Ketoconazole Inhibits the Growth and Development of Ichthyophonus sp. (Mesomycetozoa) In Vitro

“…Some treatments, such as fenoxetol and paraclorofenoxetol or antibiotics, suggested for the first infection steps proved not to be very effective (Van Duijn 1956). Therefore, prophylactic measures, such as food pasteurization (McVicar 1982) or disinfection (Hershberger, Pacheco, and Gregg 2008), were suggested. In vitro studies demonstrated the inhibitory activity of the antifungal ketoconazole (KZ) on Ichthyophonus growth (Chauvier and Mortier‐Gabet 1982).…”

Disinfection effect of povidone-iodine in aquaculture water of swamp eel (Monopterus albus)

“…Disease is a main threat in aquaculture production and disinfection of water bodies has been used as an important measure to prevent waterborne pathogen transmission in aquaculture ( Scarfe, Lee & O’Bryen, 2006 ). The present disinfection tests were mainly carried out in sterile water ( Hershberger, Pacheco & Gregg, 2008 ; Mainous, Smith & Kuhn, 2010 ), while very few in aquaculture water. However, there is a great differences between sterile water and aquaculture water, and the results obtained in sterile water are not suitable for aquaculture water.…”

“…The presence of organic matter can result in a significant decrease in the bactericidal effectiveness of PVP-I ( Rodriguez Ferri et al, 2010 ). By far, most disinfection research has been carried out in sterile water ( Chang et al, 2015 ), and only very few reports mention use of aquaculture water for testing ( Hershberger, Pacheco & Gregg, 2008 ).…”

Peer Review #3 of "Disinfection effect of povidone-iodine in aquaculture water of swamp eel (Monopterus albus) (v0.2)"

“…Disease is a main threat in aquaculture production and disinfection of water bodies has been used as an important measure to prevent waterborne pathogen transmission in aquaculture (Scarfe, Lee & O'Bryen, 2006). The present disinfection tests were mainly carried out in sterile water (Hershberger, Pacheco & Gregg, 2008;Mainous, Smith & Kuhn, 2010), while very few in aquaculture water. However, there is a great differences between sterile water and aquaculture PeerJ reviewing PDF | (2017:12:22424:3:0:NEW 1 Aug 2018)…”

“…The presence of organic matter can result in a significant decrease in the bactericidal effectiveness of PVP-I (Rodriguez Ferri et al, 2010). By far, most disinfection research has been carried out in sterile water (Chang et al, 2015), and only very few reports mention use of aquaculture water for testing (Hershberger, Pacheco & Gregg, 2008).…”