Ketoconazole Inhibits the Growth and Development of Ichthyophonus sp. (Mesomycetozoa) In Vitro

Abstract

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Ketoconazole modulates the infectivity of Ichthyophonus sp. (Mesomycetozoa) in vivo in experimentally injected European sea bass

“…There were no clear differences between the 2 types of lipidic vehicles utilised (liposomes or emulsions), in terms of prevalence of infection. This contrasts with earlier data which indicate that in vitro cultures of Ichthyophonus are more sensitive to liposomated KZ formulations (Hontoria et al 2009). These differences could be due to inevitable variations in chemotherapeutant modes of action between in vivo and in vitro systems or to increased difficulties in targeting tissues with KZ, as Ich thyophonus spores tend to be surrounded by areas of granulomatous reaction or even encapsulated by layers of connective tissue (Franco-Sierra et al 1997).…”

“…Recent in vitro studies (Hontoria et al 2009) confirmed the above-mentioned inhibitory effect of KZ on Ichthyophonus growth and endorsed its potential use in the treatment of ichthyophoniasis. These previously available data related to in vitro studies prompted us to conduct in vivo studies on the effect of KZ on ichhyophoniasis, using European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. as a fish model.…”

“…Hontoria et al (2009) already demonstrated the in vitro effect of this antifungal agent on Ichthyophonus. The effect of KZ on infection was time-dependent, as the prevalence of Ichthyophonus infection in medicated fish was much lower than in C-Ich fish during the initial stages after the experimental infection (14 d p.i.…”

“…No effective treatment of ichthyophoniasis is yet available: some treatments suggested for the first infection steps, such as fenoxetol and paraclorofenoxetol (Reichenbach-Klinke & Elkan 1965) or antibiotics (Van Duijn 1956), proved to be ineffective, and prophylactic measures, such as the pasteurization of food (McVicar 1982) or disinfection (Herschberger et al 2008), have also been suggested. In vitro studies have demonstrated the inhibitory effect of the antifungal agent ketoconazole (KZ) on Ichthyo phonus growth (Chauvier & Mortier-Gabet 1982, Hontoria et al 2009). The preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies by Franco-Sierra (1994) also pointed to the promising effect of KZ on this parasite, especially when it was vehiculated in liposomes.…”

Ichthyophonus sp. Infection in Opaleye (Girella nigricans)

“…9) but has also been encountered in marine fish with mixed haplotype isolates 2 and in mullet (Mugilidae) from the Mediterranean Sea. 4 The opaleye in this study had no known exposure to living freshwater fish. Although they had access to some frozen freshwater fish (including river smelt, which was fed to puffins in the exhibit), freezing kills Ichthyophonus life stages, preventing transmission of infection.…”