In vivo study of the effect of lactoferrin on iron metabolism and bioavailability from different iron chemical species for formula milk fortification

Abstract

Iron fortification in infant formulas is a common practice for providing iron to newborns in order to avoid its deficiency (anemia). Depending on the physicochemical species used, its bioavailability might be insufficient to meet iron requirements. In this vein, the influence of Lactoferrin (Lf) presence on iron bioavailability in 2-week-old wistar rats fed with formula milk fortified with Fe(III) -Lf or Fe(II)SO (in presence of Lf) using quantitative speciation (by HPLC-ICP-MS) and Isotope Pattern Deconvolution (IPD) is studied here. Results obtained were compared among fortifiers and also with the maternal group. In RBCs, iron was mainly bound to hemoglobin in all the assayed groups in the same extent. Regarding serum samples, several iron-proteins were observed (such as transferrin and albumin). In both samples, iron content in the fractions studied was similar in all groups compared and exogenous Fe incorporation of intaked iron was always above 50%, showing no significative differences between physicochemical forms but related to the dose administered. Regarding iron stores (liver) the group fed with formula milk fortified with the higher dose of FeSO in presence of Lf presented the highest values of total iron even superior than those found in the maternal group, and also the highest exogenous ( Fe) incorporation. In conclusion, it was proved that iron fortification is required to ensure proper iron levels in all body compartments. No significative differences were observed between different physicochemical species when iron is administered at low doses. However, higher iron doses lead to a greater incorporation in all the iron-proteins studied.

Characterization and identification of selected metal-binding biomolecules from hepatic and gill cytosols of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman, 1928) using various techniques of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

“…Our results, therefore, undoubtedly confirmed the presence of blood in the samples of Vardar chub liver and gills, which was not surprising considering that organ perfusion was not performed prior to liver and gills dissection and isolation of soluble tissue fractions. In addition, major binding of Fe to hemoglobin instead of transferrin is consistent with finding by Fernández-Menéndez et al 59 , who showed that in rat red blood cells less than 13 % of the total Fe was bound to transferrin, i.e. 87-93 % of Fe was found bound to hemoglobin.…”

“…2, which next to peak of 15.3 kDa also contained two additional peaks of lower molecular masses (at 11.3 kDa and 13.5 kDa) which possibly corresponded to Hb subunit . Lower molecular mass of -chain (15.1 kDa) compared to -chain (15.9 kDa) was also recorded in human Hb 51 , as well as in rat Hb (: 15.3 kDa; : 16.0 kDa) 59 . Our results, therefore, undoubtedly confirmed the presence of blood in the samples of Vardar chub liver and gills, which was not surprising considering that organ perfusion was not performed prior to liver and gills dissection and isolation of soluble tissue fractions.…”

“…The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn were measured in the hepatic and gill cytosols of Vardar chub, which were ten times diluted with Milli-Q water and acidified with HNO 3 (Suprapur, Merck, Germany; final acid concentration in the samples: 0. Measurements of 82 Se, 98 Mo, and 111 Cd were operated in low-resolution mode, whereas 55 Mn, 56 Fe, 59 Co, 63 Cu, and 66 Zn were measured in medium resolution mode. External calibrations were performed using multielement standard solution for trace elements (Analitika, Czech Republic).…”

Facets of ICP-MS and their potential in the medical sciences—Part 1: fundamentals, stand-alone and hyphenated techniques

“…IPD determines isotope ratios in a sample following the administration of enriched element species and deconvolutes the overall isotopic pattern to calculate the contribution from endogenous and the different external (experimental) sources. The technique was initially developed in 1997 by Hintelmann et al [ 239 ] to study the artefactual formation of Hg species from inorganic Hg and was subsequently applied to understand the uptake and biotransformation during supplementation and fortification [ 240 , 241 ], the impact of different chemical species [ 242 ], mineral metabolism [ 243 ], mechanisms in oxidative stress [ 244 ], in vivo implant degradation [ 245 ] and the impact of specific element species.…”