In vivo Measurements of Lead in Bone in Long-term Exposed Lead Smelter Workers

Gerhardsson, Lars; Attewell, Robyn; Chettle, David R.; Englyst, Vagn; Lundström, Nils-Göran; Nordberg, Gunnar F.; Nyhlin, Henry; Scott, Malcolm; Todd, Andrew C.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1993.9940813

Cited by 144 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…No effect was observed even in the case of Pb, the element typically deposited in calcified tissues (bones and teeth). Due to this property, lead is considered the so-called osteotrophic element (Gerhardsson, 1996;Hac and Krechinak, 1996). In our case, however, the Pb levels in the bones of the animals fed Pb-contaminated diet amended with soil L even tended to decrease as compared to the other experimental groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the diet amended with risk elements contaminated soil on risk elements content in tissues and hematological parameters of rats

Száková¹,

Novosadová²,

Zidek³

et al. 2012

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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Penetration of rat organisms by risk elements (As, Cd, Pb) originated from differently contaminated soils as well as interactions between the risk elements and selected essential macro-and microelements were investigated. Rat diet contained 10% of individual soils (based on dry weight) which were: (i) Fluvisol heavily polluted by As, Cd, Zn, and Pb, (ii) Luvisol contaminated by As, Cd, and Zn, and (iii) uncontaminated Chernozem. Male Wistar rats used for the experiment were housed in cages in a room with controlled temperature for 60 days and fed ad libitum on the mentioned diet. The levels of both risk and essential elements were measured in liver, kidney, and bones of the animals and main biochemical parameters were determined to assess potential toxic effect of the soil-derived risk elements. Alternatively, in vitro Physiologically Based Bioavailability Test (PBET) was used for evaluation of the bioaccessible pool of elements in the soil-amended diets. The element contents in the rat tissues reflected the risk element contents in the contaminated soils. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the risk elements decreased in the order Cd > As > Pb and were influenced by the soil physicochemical parameters. Significant changes in essential elements (Cu, Fe, Mg, P) deposition in rat tissues attended the high levels of the risk elements. Total leukocyte count in the blood of the rats fed the heavy polluted soil indicated adverse effect of soil-derived risk elements on biochemical parameters of the animals.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the diet amended with risk elements contaminated soil on risk elements content in tissues and hematological parameters of rats

Száková¹,

Novosadová²,

Zidek³

et al. 2012

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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“…Second, when used as an index of cumulative exposure, in vivo bone lead measurements have proven valuable in discriminating between occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed persons (5). Third, and most importantly, it has been established that a strong relationship exists between elevated blood lead and bone lead in retired lead workers, highlighting the importance of an endogenous lead exposure (6,7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reproducibility of 109 Cd-Based X-Ray Fluorescence Measurements of Bone Lead

Gordon¹,

Webber²,

Chettle³

1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

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We assessed the reprducibility ofX-ray fluorescence-based lead measurements from multiple me emeits made on a low-concen on per of pris phainitom and in five sects measured five times oni two occasions. Over a 6-month period, 220 measurements of the same phantom were obine and showed astandrdeviation of 1.29 pg Pb (g plaster of paY) ' (1,2) and industrial (3,4) lead levels. Second, when used as an index of cumulative exposure, in vivo bone lead measurements have proven valuable in discriminating between occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed persons (5). Third, and most importantly, it has been established that a strong relationship exists between elevated blood lead and bone lead in retired lead workers, highlighting the importance of an endogenous lead exposure (6,7).With the knowledge that the body's lead stores can be mobilized back into the circulatory system, research questions are now addressing the subclinical toxicity of lead (8) released from bone. The release of this endogenous lead store may be a direct result of changes in bone mineral status such as that experienced by women with the onset of menopause (9). The outcomes of such studies will depend strongly on determining changes in bone lead over a reasonable length of time. It is therefore important that in vivo bone lead measurements be reproducible.Because published data on the reproducibility of bone lead measurements are limited (10-12), we set out to define the short-and long-term reproducibility of bone lead concentrations determined by our measurement system both in phantoms and in human subjects. We also present preliminary data that examine the differences in tibia lead between the right and left legs within individuals. Materials and MethodsWe determined the lead concentration in phantoms and in subjects with an improved 09Cd K X-ray fluorescence system. Details of the instrumentation of this upgraded system have been described previously (1).A bare cylindrical plaster of paris phantom with a nominal concentration of 23 pg Pb (g plaster of paris)Y was selected to define in vitro reproducibility. The phantom was measured over a 6-month period, during which 220 measurements were recorded. Each measurement lasted 1800 sec (clock time), and care was taken to reproduce the position of the phantom to eliminate the effects of any concentration inhomogeneity along or around the phantom.Five subjects (three male, two female) participated in the reproducibility trials. They were selected on the basis that their leg sizes represented a wide range of measurement geometries. We assessed leg size by the circumference at the midpoint between the medial malleolus and the tuberosity of the tibia. Two sets of five measurements were performed at the midpoint of the anteromedial aspect of the left tibia of each subject. For each individual a set of measurements was acquired mostly within a 5-day period. We made the first set of measurements in September 1992 and the second series in July 1993. Before the second set of measurements were repeated, howe...

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“…The whole blood Pb concentration represents both recent exposure to Pb and release of Pb from tissue storage. 6 Whole blood Pb is widely used as a biomarker of Pb exposure because blood is an easy antemortem sample to collect and because most veterinary diagnostic laboratories are capable of performing the analysis. However, the blood Pb concentration does not necessarily reflect previous or intermittent exposure because blood Pb concentrations are strongly influenced by recent exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Blood Lead and Blood and Plasma δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Concentrations as Biomarkers for Lead Poisoning in Cattle

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Lead (Pb) concentrations in whole blood and d-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) concentrations in plasma and whole blood from 37 cattle with suspected Pb exposure were determined in order to investigate the usefulness of ALA as a biological indicator for Pb poisoning in cattle. Cows were divided into 4 groups based on blood Pb, as follows: ,30 ppb (group 1), 30-100 ppb (group 2), 100-300 ppb (group 3), and .300 ppb (group 4). The derivatization reaction for ALA was improved by a greater than 2-fold measure in whole blood and by a 10-fold measure in plasma by adding 75 and 50 ml of 0.1 N HCl, respectively. Blood Pb concentrations ranged from ,25 ppb to 1,006 ppb (185.5 6 254.9 ppb), with 17 samples containing .50 ppb Pb. Delta-aminolevulinic acid concentrations in whole blood and plasma ranged from ,62.7 ppb to 96.9 ppb (77.4 6 8.4 ppb) and from ,5.0 ppb to 24.0 ppb (4.6 6 3.8 ppb), respectively. Whole blood ALA did not correlate with blood lead concentrations in any group. Increase in plasma ALA concentration was dependent on blood Pb concentration. There was no correlation between blood Pb concentration and plasma ALA concentration in group 2 (n 5 4), but correlation coefficients were 0.736 in group 3 and 0.807 in group 4, respectively. The correlation coefficient was increased to 0.851 when groups 3 and 4 were combined. Based on these observations, in cattle, plasma ALA is a more reliable biological biomarker for Pb exposure than is blood ALA.

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In vivo Measurements of Lead in Bone in Long-term Exposed Lead Smelter Workers

Cited by 144 publications

References 38 publications

Effect of the diet amended with risk elements contaminated soil on risk elements content in tissues and hematological parameters of rats

Effect of the diet amended with risk elements contaminated soil on risk elements content in tissues and hematological parameters of rats

The Reproducibility of 109 Cd-Based X-Ray Fluorescence Measurements of Bone Lead

Comparison of Blood Lead and Blood and Plasma δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Concentrations as Biomarkers for Lead Poisoning in Cattle

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