In vivo measurements of bone lead-a comparison of two X-ray fluorescence techniques used at three different bone sites

Somervaille, L J; Nilsson, Ulf J.; Chettle, David R.; Tell, I.; Scott, Malcolm; Mattsson, Sören; Skerfving, Staffan

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/34/12/007

Cited by 77 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…The nonoccupationally exposed female subject showed a larger effect of the calibration lines because her results were considerably less than the mean values for the calibration. Her results also showed an extremely small effect of mutual dependence on coherent peak amplitude because the additional term in Equation 10 depends on the product of Xray peak amplitudes, which were all small in her case. Even for the occupationally exposed male subject, whose lead concentration was substantial (although not extreme), the effect of mutual dependence on coherent peak amplitude was very minor.…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 73%

The Reproducibility of 109 Cd-Based X-Ray Fluorescence Measurements of Bone Lead

Gordon¹,

Webber²,

Chettle³

1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

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We assessed the reprducibility ofX-ray fluorescence-based lead measurements from multiple me emeits made on a low-concen on per of pris phainitom and in five sects measured five times oni two occasions. Over a 6-month period, 220 measurements of the same phantom were obine and showed astandrdeviation of 1.29 pg Pb (g plaster of paY) ' (1,2) and industrial (3,4) lead levels. Second, when used as an index of cumulative exposure, in vivo bone lead measurements have proven valuable in discriminating between occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed persons (5). Third, and most importantly, it has been established that a strong relationship exists between elevated blood lead and bone lead in retired lead workers, highlighting the importance of an endogenous lead exposure (6,7).With the knowledge that the body's lead stores can be mobilized back into the circulatory system, research questions are now addressing the subclinical toxicity of lead (8) released from bone. The release of this endogenous lead store may be a direct result of changes in bone mineral status such as that experienced by women with the onset of menopause (9). The outcomes of such studies will depend strongly on determining changes in bone lead over a reasonable length of time. It is therefore important that in vivo bone lead measurements be reproducible.Because published data on the reproducibility of bone lead measurements are limited (10-12), we set out to define the short-and long-term reproducibility of bone lead concentrations determined by our measurement system both in phantoms and in human subjects. We also present preliminary data that examine the differences in tibia lead between the right and left legs within individuals. Materials and MethodsWe determined the lead concentration in phantoms and in subjects with an improved 09Cd K X-ray fluorescence system. Details of the instrumentation of this upgraded system have been described previously (1).A bare cylindrical plaster of paris phantom with a nominal concentration of 23 pg Pb (g plaster of paris)Y was selected to define in vitro reproducibility. The phantom was measured over a 6-month period, during which 220 measurements were recorded. Each measurement lasted 1800 sec (clock time), and care was taken to reproduce the position of the phantom to eliminate the effects of any concentration inhomogeneity along or around the phantom.Five subjects (three male, two female) participated in the reproducibility trials. They were selected on the basis that their leg sizes represented a wide range of measurement geometries. We assessed leg size by the circumference at the midpoint between the medial malleolus and the tuberosity of the tibia. Two sets of five measurements were performed at the midpoint of the anteromedial aspect of the left tibia of each subject. For each individual a set of measurements was acquired mostly within a 5-day period. We made the first set of measurements in September 1992 and the second series in July 1993. Before the second set of measurements were repeated, howe...

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Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 73%

The Reproducibility of 109 Cd-Based X-Ray Fluorescence Measurements of Bone Lead

Gordon¹,

Webber²,

Chettle³

1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Comparisons of bone lead concentration at these two sites have been performed for various other occupationally exposed populationslin the past. With tibia lead concentration ireated as the independent variable, slopes have ranged from 1.17 (10) to 2.50 (9), with y-intercepts extending from -14.7 ,ug/g (9) to 48.0 pg/g (8). Although a fair range of results are represented in the literature, the Brunswick relation is certainly consistent in suggesting how much the calcaneus lead concentration will typically exceed that of the tibia in a given exposed worker.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…A strong positive correlation has been noted in lead industry workers between bone lead concentrations at various bone sites (9,10). This study will examine bone lead levels for the tibia and calcaneus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Accumulated body burden and endogenous release of lead in employees of a lead smelter.

Fleming

Boulay

Richard

et al. 1997

Environ Health Perspect

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Bone lead levels for 367 active and 14 retired lead smelter workers were measured in vivo by X-ray fluorescence in May-June 1994. The bone sites of study were the tibia and calcaneus; magnitudes of concentration were used to gauge lead body burden. Whole blood lead readings from the workers generated a cumulative blood lead index (CBLI) that approximated the level of lead exposure over time. Blood lead values for 204 of the 381 workers were gathered from workers returning from a 10-month work interruption that ended in 1991; their blood level values were compared to their tibia and calcaneus lead levels. The resulting relations allowed constraints to be placed on the endogenous release of lead from bone in smelter works. Calcaneus lead levels were found to correlate strongly with those for tibia lead, and in a manner consistent with observations from other lead industry workers. Relations between bone lead concentration and CBLI demonstrated a distinctly nonlinear appearance. When the active population was divided by date of hire, a significant difference in the bone lead-CBLI slope emerged. After a correction to include the component of CBLI existing before the workers' employment at the smelter was made, this difference persisted. This implies that the transfer of lead from blood to bone in the workers has changed over time, possibly as a consequence of varying exposure conditions. Images Figure 1. A Figure 1. B Figure 2. A Figure 2. B Figure 3. A Figure 3. B Figure 4. A Figure 4. B Figure 5. Figure 6. A Figure 6. B Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. A Figure 9. B

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“…Four subjects were stud ied in September 1986 and the remainder in December 1986. The subjects were, in fact , drawn from a larger study population, made up of volunteers for an earlier survey conducted on the same work force, the results of which have been reported elsewhere (16). Therefore the volunteers for this study could be selected so as to represent as wide a variation as possible in terms of the lead levels in tibia, heel, and phalanx.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chelated lead and bone lead.

Tell¹,

Lj²,

Nilsson³

et al. 1992

Scand J Work Environ Health

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SKERFVING S. Chelated lead and bone lead. Scand J Work En viron Health 1992;18:113-9. In this study a close correlation [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.86, P < 0.001) was found between the blood lead level of 20 lead workers and their urinary excretion of lead for 24 h after intravenous infusion with I g of the chelating agent calcium disodium edetate, In addition , there were significant associations between lead levels in different bones (tibia /calcaneus: r=0.93, P

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In vivo measurements of bone lead-a comparison of two X-ray fluorescence techniques used at three different bone sites

Cited by 77 publications

References 10 publications

The Reproducibility of 109 Cd-Based X-Ray Fluorescence Measurements of Bone Lead

The Reproducibility of 109 Cd-Based X-Ray Fluorescence Measurements of Bone Lead

Accumulated body burden and endogenous release of lead in employees of a lead smelter.

Chelated lead and bone lead.

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