In vivo effects of oligodeoxynucleotides containing synthetic immunostimulatory motifs in weaned piglets

Oral Immunization with F4 Fimbriae and CpG Formulated with Carboxymethyl Starch Enhances F4-Specific Mucosal Immune Response and Modulates Th1 and Th2 Cytokines in Weaned Pigs

“…All of these observations tend to indicate that oral administration of CpG -type A, particularly CpG-A D19, can stimulate innate and adaptive immune systems in pigs by generating a Th1/Th2 environment possibly involving both immune and non-immune cells in the intestinal mucosa. Our results fit well with other studies on CpG following parenteral administration or stimulation of immune cells in culture (21,46,47). Surprisingly, although the expression of IL-4 was increased in intestinal tissues both containing and lacking PP, the overall expression of this cytokine was relatively low compared to that of other cytokines in our study.…”

“…In other studies, stimulation with CpG-A D19 resulted in an increase of the expression of MHC-II in swine PBMC (44) and in B cells (19), an up-regulation of costimulatory factors CD80/CD86 (45) and a high production of IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-12. The higher expression of Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-1β observed in our study, is consistent with the up-regulation of cytokine mRNA expression observed in vitro and in vivo, following stimulation with the same CpG-A D19 compound (16,17,21,45). All of these observations tend to indicate that oral administration of CpG -type A, particularly CpG-A D19, can stimulate innate and adaptive immune systems in pigs by generating a Th1/Th2 environment possibly involving both immune and non-immune cells in the intestinal mucosa.…”

“…Surprisingly, although the expression of IL-4 was increased in intestinal tissues both containing and lacking PP, the overall expression of this cytokine was relatively low compared to that of other cytokines in our study. Parenteral injection of CpG D19 has been reported to have no effect on IL-4 production (21,48). In addition, CpG D19 administration was associated with an inhibition of IL-4 production involved in allergic responses, although it enhanced IFN-γ and IL-12 production (49) as reported in our study.…”

“…Our in vivo results complement well the in vitro data of Van der Stede et al (19) who showed that CpG-A D19 induced IgM + B-cell activation and increased expression of MHC-II molecules in lymphocytes, in cultured swine PBMC. In addition, Zhang et al (21) reported that parenteral administration of CpG-A D19 to newly weaned pigs significantly stimulated the proliferation of PBMC and the production of IFN-γ in serum, thus enhancing the activation of the innate immune system.…”

“…They also found that intramuscular administration of F4 fimbriae and CpG-A D19 in pigs enhanced F4specific proliferation of PBMC (20). Recently, Zhang et al (21) demonstrated that subcutaneous administration of a CpG-A D19 equivalent, containing multiple CpG motifs, stimulated the innate immune system in weaned pigs. To date, the adaptive response and intestinal cytokine production in pigs following oral administration of CpG-A D19 with F4 fimbriae, has not been described.…”