In Vivo and In Vitro Study of Immunostimulation by Leuconostoc lactis-Produced Gluco-Oligosaccharides

Abstract

Glycosyltransferase-producing Leuconostoc lactis CCK940 produces CCK- oligosaccharides, gluco-oligosaccharide molecules, using sucrose and maltose as donor and acceptor molecules, respectively. In this study, the immunostimulatory activities of CCK-oligosaccharides on RAW264.7 macrophages and BALB/c mice were evaluated. CCK-oligosaccharides induced the expression of phosphorylated-p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and upregulation of phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 macrophages, suggesting their involvement in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and phagocytosis. When CCK-oligosaccharides were administered to mice intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (CY), spleen indices and expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL–10, and tumor necrosis factor-α increased, compared with those in only CY-treated group. These findings suggest that CCK-oligosaccharides can be used as an effective immunostimulating agent.

Production Optimization, Structural Analysis, and Prebiotic- and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Gluco-Oligosaccharides Produced by Leuconostoc lactis SBC001

“…Chung also reported that Eubacterium eligens , a species belonging to Firmicutes, utilizes apple pectin as a prebiotic source and promotes the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in host cells [ 54 ]. Although some studies have explored the immunomodulatory activity of gluco-oligosaccharides, there has been no study on the anti-inflammatory activity of gluco-oligosaccharides [ 16 ].…”

“…Typically, oligosaccharide-producing LAB include the genera Leuconostoc , Weissella , Streptococcus , Lactobacillus , and Oenococcuss ; these LABs synthesize oligosaccharides by the action of glucansucrase (EC 2.4.1.5), a type of glycosyltransferase, using sucrose as substrate. In addition to glucansucrase, mutansucrase (EC 2.4.1.5), alternansucrase (EC 2.4.1.140), and levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10) synthesize oligosaccharides with different structures [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

“…mesenteroides , only a few studies have been conducted on the oligosaccharides produced by Leu. lactis [ 16 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Immunomodulatory Activity of Lactococcus lactis GCWB1176 in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression Model

“…The immunostimulatory potential of probiotics may be useful for the prevention and treatment of complex disorders ranging from diarrhea to allergy. Several LABs, including Lactococcus , Enterococcus , Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc , have been reported to have beneficial health effects by stimulating the immune system [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. The immunostimulatory mechanism of LAB comprises regulation of the T cell effector subset, the improvement of humoral immunity and activation of macrophages and lymphocytes [ 32 ].…”

“…In addition, although the immuno-promoting efficacy of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been actively studied, the efficacy of some specific strains have not been characterized; thus, further studies on various strains and the mechanisms of action are required [ 18 ]. Among the 13 genera of LAB, Lactococcus , Lactobacillus , Leuconostoc and Enterococcus are known to play key roles in improving immunity, maintaining intestinal microbial balance and preventing gastrointestinal infections [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Recent studies have shown that selenium exopolysaccharide produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp.…”