In Vivo Analysis of Bone Strain about the Sagittal Suture in Macaca                mulatta during Masticatory Movements

Behrents, Rolf G.; Carlson, David S.; Abdelnour, Thomas

doi:10.1177/00220345780570091401

Cited by 83 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Behrents et al, 1978;Herring and Teng, 2000;Jaslow, 1990). Jaslow and Biewener (Jaslow and Biewener, 1995) even suggested that the sutures play a major role in shock absorption in goats.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal sinuses and head-butting in goats: a finite element analysis

Farke

2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

100

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SUMMARYFrontal sinuses in goats and other mammals have been hypothesized to function as shock absorbers, protecting the brain from blows during intraspecific combat. Furthermore, sinuses are thought to form through removal of ʻstructurally unnecessaryʼ bone. These hypotheses were tested using finite element modeling. Three-dimensional models of domesticated goat (Capra hircus) skulls were constructed, with variable frontal bone and frontal sinus morphology, and loaded to simulate various head-butting behaviors. In general, models with sinuses experienced higher strain energy values (a proxy for shock absorption) than did models with unvaulted frontal bones, and the latter often had higher magnitudes than models with solid vaulted frontal bones. Furthermore, vaulted frontal bones did not reduce magnitudes of principal strain on the surface of the endocranial cavity relative to models with unvaulted frontal bones under most loading conditions. Thus, these results were only partially consistent with sinuses, or the bone that walls the sinuses, acting as shock absorbers. It is hypothesized that the keratinous horn sheaths and cranial sutures are probably more important for absorbing blows to the head. Models with sinuses did exhibit a more ʻefficientʼ distribution of stresses, as visualized by histograms in which models with solid frontal bones had numerous unloaded elements. This is consistent with the hypothesis that sinuses result at least in part from the removal of mechanically unnecessary bone. Supplementary material available online at

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“…Behrents et al, 1978;Herring and Teng, 2000;Jaslow, 1990). Jaslow and Biewener (Jaslow and Biewener, 1995) even suggested that the sutures play a major role in shock absorption in goats.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal sinuses and head-butting in goats: a finite element analysis

Farke

2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

100

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“…However, local differences in parietal cortical bone loading resulting from the presence or absence of muscle attachment are not clear. Tensile strains across the sagittal suture in macaques during isotonic temporalis contraction (Behrents et al, 1978) suggest that the outer table is loaded during biting. However, at least during growth prior to sutural fusion, tension at the sagittal suture would have a dampening effect on parietal bone strain above the temporalis attachment, as strains in the sagittal suture of pigs are much larger than those in the adjacent bone (Herring and Teng, 2000).…”

Section: Functional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is little information regarding the mechanical characteristics of the cortical components of the parietal or other cranial vault bones. Portions of the outer table serve as anchorage for masticatory and nuchal musculature, and locally bear significant loads (Behrents et al, 1978). Preliminary studies of the cortical structure of human parietal and frontal bones Dechow, 1995, 1996;Peterson et al, 1997) were surprising because most specimens from both tables exhibited some anisotropy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Material properties of the inner and outer cortical tables of the human parietal bone

Peterson¹,

Dechow²

2002

Anat. Rec.

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Even though the cranial vault functions as protection for the brain and as a support structure for facial and masticatory functions, little is known about its mechanical properties or their variations. The cranial vault bone is interesting because of its maintenance in spite of low functional strains, and because calvarial bone cells are often used in cell culture studies. We measured thickness, density, and ash weight, and ultrasonically determined elastic properties throughout the cortices of 10 human parietal bones. The results are unique for studies of the cranial vault because: 1) measurements focused specifically on the cortical components, 2) the orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness were determined before measurement of elastic properties, and 3) two related measurements (bone density and percent ash weight) were compared. Results showed that the periosteal cortical plate (outer table) and the endosteal cortical plate (inner table) had significant differences in material properties. The outer table was on average thicker, denser, and stiffer than the inner table, which had a higher ash weight percentage. Within each table there were significant differences in thicknesses, ash weight percentages, and E 2 /E 3 anisotropies among sites. Few sites on either table had significant orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness. Despite this apparent randomness in orientation, almost all sites exhibited anisotropies equivalent to other parts of the skeleton. Anat Rec 268:7-15, 2002.

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“…Numerous in vivo and in vitro strain gage experiments have identified localized elevated strains over sutures (Behrents et al, 1978;Oudhof and van Doorenmaalen, 1983;Smith and Hylander, 1985;Herring and Mucci, 1991;Herring, 1993;Jaslow and Biewener, 1995;Rafferty and Herring, 1999;Herring and Rafferty, 2000;Herring and Teng, 2000;Rafferty et al, 2003;Sun et al, 2004;Lieberman et al, 2004;Shibazaki et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2008a) suggesting that skulls with unfused sutures do not behave mechanically as rigid bodies. Although it is clear that sutures disturb local strain flow, their global impact on skull mechanics and their mechanical properties remain poorly defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Impact of Sutures Assessed in a Finite Element Model of a Macaque Cranium

Wang

Smith

Strait

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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The biomechanical significance of cranial sutures in primates is an open question because their global impact is unclear, and their material properties are difficult to measure. In this study, eight suture-bone functional units representing eight facial sutures were created in a finite element model of a monkey cranium. All the sutures were assumed to have identical isotropic linear elastic material behavior that varied in different modeling experiments, representing either fused or unfused sutures. The values of elastic moduli employed in these trials ranged over several orders of magnitude. Each model was evaluated under incisor, premolar, and molar biting conditions. Results demonstrate that skulls with unfused sutures permitted more deformations and experienced higher total strain energy. However, strain patterns remained relatively unaffected away from the suture sites, and bite reaction force was likewise barely affected. These findings suggest that suture elasticity does not substantially alter load paths through the macaque skull or its underlying rigid body kinematics. An implication is that, for the purposes of finite element analysis, omitting or fusing sutures is a reasonable modeling approximation for skulls with small suture volume fraction if the research objective is to observe general patterns of craniofacial biomechanics under static loading conditions. The manner in which suture morphology and ossification affect the mechanical integrity of skulls and their ontogeny and evolution awaits further investi-

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In Vivo Analysis of Bone Strain about the Sagittal Suture in Macaca mulatta during Masticatory Movements

Cited by 83 publications

References 9 publications

Frontal sinuses and head-butting in goats: a finite element analysis

Frontal sinuses and head-butting in goats: a finite element analysis

Material properties of the inner and outer cortical tables of the human parietal bone

The Global Impact of Sutures Assessed in a Finite Element Model of a Macaque Cranium

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