In vitro production of llama (Lama glama) embryos by IVF and ICSI with fresh semen

In vitro production of Sudanese camel (Camelus dromedarius) embryos from epididymal spermatozoa and follicular oocytes of slaughtered animals

“…Moreover, Khatir et al (2008) found higher cleavage rate (69%) with the highest percentage of embryos at blastocyst stage (37%) when camel oocytes were matured in TCM199 with camel follicular fluid (2.5%) obtained from the large follicles. In another species of camel (Lama glama), IVP attained 17% at blastocysts stage (Conde et al 2008). Trasorras et al (2012) found a lower rate of blastocysts reaching 9%.Recently, blastocyst rate ranged between 34-36% using TALP culture medium in the same living species (Trasorras et al 2014).…”

Feasibility of sex-sorting sperm from the white and the black rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis)

“…Trypsin and collagenase have been used as additives to reduce the viscosity of monkey [29], guinea pig [27] and, more recently, alpaca and llama ejaculates [30,31]. While reducing the viscosity of seminal plasma, Bravo and co-workers claimed that collagenase had no impact on functional parameters of spermatozoa in the alpaca and llama [30], and no effect on cleavage and embryo development rates after IVF in llamas was observed [32]. The glycoside hydrolase enzyme a-amylase was successfully used to liquefy coagulated human semen [33] but failed to reduce the viscosity of guinea pig or rhesus monkey semen [29].…”

Embryo Preservation and in Vitro Production of Embryos

“…[24][25][26] The work by Conde et al represents the preliminary development of IVF and ICSI using raw llama semen collected through electroejaculation. [24][25][26] The work by Conde et al represents the preliminary development of IVF and ICSI using raw llama semen collected through electroejaculation.…”

“…36 Unlike in other species, semen liquefaction may take several hours (24 to 48 hours) or not occur at all. 25,[39][40][41] In addition, spermatozoa from these species show oscillatory movements in the ejaculate rather than progressive motility when the ejaculate is not treated. 25,[39][40][41] In addition, spermatozoa from these species show oscillatory movements in the ejaculate rather than progressive motility when the ejaculate is not treated.…”

“…25,40 Sansinena et al used a discontinuous gradient system in 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-buffered human tubal fluid (HTF) (1 mL of 50% over 1 mL of 90% and 0.5 mL extended semen; ISolate, Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA), centrifuging at 400 g for 15 minutes. Moreover, it maximizes recovery of motile sperm, as the volume of the gradient, the centrifugation force, and time to the sample characteristics can be adjusted.…”