In vitro model of intravenous fluid administration: analysis of vein resistance to rapid fluid delivery

Effect of External Pressure and Catheter Gauge on Flow Rate, Kinetic Energy, and Endothelial Injury During Intravenous Fluid Administration in a Rabbit Model

“…Therefore, the experiment 1 (gravity-fed fluid with a 100-cm pressure head) simulated an actual hospital setting. As expected, under gravity alone, the largest G catheters had the highest flow rates (2)(3)(4)(5). We found the manufacturer-provided flow rates were higher than the results of our tests, especially in larger G catheters (https:// www.bd.com/resource.aspx?IDX=21726) (Fig.…”

“…Despite the lack of a large-bore IV, these patients may still require rapid fluid infusion for stabilization of hypovolemic shock. Multiple smaller G catheters and pneumatic external pressure may be used to enhance the flow of the infusion during emergent resuscitation conditions (2)(3)(4)(5). However, the increased flow produces inflammation (6)(7)(8)(9) and increases kinetic energy and shear stress (10) along the surface of the vessel wall that tends to tear the endothelium away from the wall (11).…”

Flow rates of large animal fluid delivery systems used for high‐volume crystalloid resuscitation

“…Viscosity is more of an important factor when delivering solutions such as blood products, whereas crystalloid solutions or plain water, as used in the current study, have similar characteristics and therefore flow is less affected by small changes in temperature. From a clinical standpoint, factors impeding flow can be categorized into 3 components: the intrinsic resistance of the tubing to fluid flow (predominantly related to length and radius), the infusion pressure (usually gravity, but also the use of pressure bags or fluid pumps), and the resistance of the venous system (primarily consisting of both intravascular pressure and venous compliance) . Only the first of these factors is evaluated in this study, and as anticipated, increase in component radius as well as reduction in tubing length resulted in the fastest flow rates.…”

Simulated fluid resuscitation for toddlers and young children: effect of syringe size and hand fatigue

“…However, in pediatric patients, the size of the intravenous catheter is often much smaller, and pressurization techniques beyond a certain point may not be able to increase the infusion flow rate significantly as shown in an in vitro simulation study by Yaniv S et al . . We used different sizes of the syringes and the surface area of the plunger of the syringes increases with increase in size of the syringe.…”

“…In this group of patients, the preferred method of fluid resuscitation is by manually pushing fluids with a syringe . Rapid infuser machines and pressure bags may not be reliable due to the diameter of veins and the size and type of the venous cannula or peripherally inserted central venous catheter . There are several techniques to manually push the fluid with a syringe.…”