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Secret sharing is a procedure for sharing a secret among a number of participants such that only the qualified subsets of participants have the ability to reconstruct the secret. Even in the presence of eavesdropping, secret sharing can be achieved when all the members are quantum. So what happens if not all the members are quantum? In this paper we propose two semi-quantum secret sharing protocols using maximally entangled GHZ-type states in which quantum Alice shares a secret with two classical parties, Bob and Charlie, in a way that both parties are sufficient to obtain the secret, but one of them cannot. The presented protocols are also showed to be secure against eavesdropping.

TB peritonitis has nonspecific and protean manifestations. It should be considered in the context of culture-negative peritonitis and in the context of culture-positive peritonitis that fails to respond to appropriate antibiotics. Laparoscopy with biopsy should be considered at an early stage when TB peritonitis is suspected.

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SummaryWe studied the hypothermic effect of adding 150 lg morphine during spinal anaesthesia in 60 parturients scheduled for elective caesarean section. All the parturients received intrathecal injection of a solution containing 150 lg morphine or normal saline in addition to 10-12 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%. In both groups, a significant decrease in body temperature was noted. There was no difference in the area under the curve for temperature against time for the two groups; however, the maximum decrease in temperature from baseline was significantly larger after morphine than after saline injection (mean (SD) 1.11 (0.61)°C vs 0.76 (0.39)°C, respectively; p = 0.01) and the time to nadir temperature was significantly longer (59.5 (17.6) min vs 50.4 (15.9) min, respectively; p = 0.047). The lowest temperature observed in the morphine group was 34.3°C. We conclude that intrathecal injection of 150 lg morphine intensified the intra-operative hypothermic effect of bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Intra-operative hypothermia has been reported in parturients receiving spinal anaesthesia [1]. For parturients undergoing caesarean section, bupivacaine is a commonly used agent for providing spinal anaesthesia. When morphine is used in addition to local anaesthetics, it prolongs the duration of analgesia and provides postoperative pain relief [2]. Severe hypothermia has been reported when a large dose of morphine was used in spinal anaesthesia [3]. Although hypothermia associated with smaller doses of morphine has been reported sporadically [4,5], it is not known whether a very small dose of morphine (150 lg) would also intensify spinal anaesthesia-induced hypothermia. This randomised double-blind controlled study was performed to evaluate the effect of adding 150 lg of morphine to bupivacaine on body temperature in parturients during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. MethodsWe included 60 term pregnant women (ASA physical status 1-2) scheduled for elective caesarean section after informed consent. This study was approved by the institutional reviewing board. The individuals were assigned to receive either morphine or saline by a computer-generated randomisation table. The assignments were blinded to both the parturients and the anaesthetists who performed the spinal injection and measured the body temperature. After the parturients were transferred to the operating room, regular noninvasive blood pressure was recorded every 3 min. Lead-II configuration of the ECG and pulse oximetry were continuously displayed. Body temperatures were recorded from the same ear with an infrared tympanic thermometer (Welch Allyn 9000, accuracy ± 0.2°F). The room temperature was kept constant at 24°C. The parturients were prehydrated with 1000 ml Hartmann's solution, which was prewarmed to 37°C. After hydration, the baseline body temperature was obtained. A 27-G Quincke spinal needle was introduced into the subarachnoid space at the L2-3 or L3-4 interspace in the lateral decubitus position, and 10-...

TCI with propofol produced less cardiovascular and respiratory suppression than intermittent bolus of a sedative cocktail regimen in deep sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy.