In Vitro Insulin Resistance Model: A Recent Update

Abstract

Insulin resistance, which affects insulin-sensitive tissues, including adipose tissues, skeletal muscle, and the liver, is the central pathophysiological mechanism underlying type 2 diabetes progression. Decreased glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues disrupts insulin signaling pathways, particularly the PI3K/Akt pathway. An in vitro model is appropriate for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance because it is easy to maintain and the results can be easily reproduced. The application of cell-based models for exploring the pathogenesis of diabetes and insulin resistance as well as for developing drugs for these conditions is well known. However, a comprehensive review of in vitro insulin resistance models is lacking. Therefore, this review was conducted to provide a comprehensive overview and summary of the latest in vitro insulin resistance models, particularly 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte), C2C12 (skeletal muscle), and HepG2 (liver) cell lines induced with palmitic acid, high glucose, or chronic exposure to insulin.

Tea seed saponin‑reduced extract ameliorates palmitic acid‑induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells

“…nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge potential limitations in the present study. Given that skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role in utilizing more than 75% of glucose in response to insulin (58), it may be prudent to consider utilizing a skeletal muscle cell line for investigating the anti-insulin resistance effects of TSSre. Therefore, in the forthcoming research, the authors intend to employ the c2c12 cell line to assess whether TSSre can ameliorate insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells.…”

Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio: the role of the laboratory as an indicator of insulin resistance

“…La alteración en el metabolismo de los ácidos grasos es importante en las patogénesis de RI en el musculo liso, en el musculo liso se manifiestan defectos mitocondriales en los procesos de fosforilación oxidativa. (19)…”

Hydroxyhydroquinone and Quassinoids as Promising Compounds with Hypoglycemic Activity through Redox Balance

“…Hepatoma-derived cell lines show specific hepatocyte morphological characteristics and express hepatocyte-specific markers. The HepG2 cell line has been explored extensively for in vitro investigations of diabetes and insulin resistance [20].…”

“…High glucose concentrations are known to induce cellular damage, leading to glucose toxicity. Ultimately, high glucose concentrations lead to insulin resistance [20]. The exposure to high glucose triggers glucose production while suppressing glucose uptake in HepG2 [25].…”