In vitro immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology: studies on drugs of abuse

Pillai, Radhakrishna; Watson, Ronald R.

doi:10.1016/0378-4274(90)90232-b

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…This system primarily functions in defense against foreign or antigenic particles entering the body as well as protecting the integrity of the host against attack and disease triggered by pathogenic organisms. [17] The human immune response consists of two branches, https://repository.uwc.ac.za/ 4 which include innate and acquired immunity. Phagocytic cells and cellular components such as interferons make up the innate immune response, which acts as the first line of defense against pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An enhanced immune response may be either beneficial or detrimental to the host since it may further increase the immune response to a disease or neutralise the effects of autoimmunity or hypersensitivity reactions. [17] Industralized countries are experiencing a significant increase in diseases that can be associated with a malfunction in the immune system. [22] Thus, the immunotoxicity of drugs and various compounds, particularly those that we are exposed to regularly, are progressively being identified as potential hazards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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THEIN VITROEFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL SWEETENERS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM USING WHOLE BLOOD CULTURE ASSAYS

Rahiman

Pool

2013

Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry

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. The in vitro effects of artificial and natural sweeteners on the immune system using whole blood culture assays. The in vitro effects of artificial and natural sweeteners on the immune system using whole blood culture assays F. Rahiman and E. J. Pool AbstractThis article investigates the effects of commercially available artificial (aspartame, saccharin, sucralose) and natural sweeteners (brown sugar, white sugar, molasses) on the immune system. Human whole blood cultures were incubated with various sweeteners and stimulated in vitro with either phytohemagglutinin or endotoxin. Harvested supernatants were screened for cytotoxicity and cytokine release.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THEIN VITROEFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL SWEETENERS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM USING WHOLE BLOOD CULTURE ASSAYS

Rahiman

Pool

2013

Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry

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“…Immune impairment was the main factor associated with the severity of acute intoxications in this study. In this sense, cocaine, alcohol, cannabinoids and ketamine, which are not primarily considered to be immunosuppressive agents, have been described to modulate the humoral and cellular immune response in humans or animals [ 29 , 30 ]. Otherwise, the low CD4 count could only be indicative of a worse overall clinical situation, and therefore point to those individuals more susceptible to the effects of chemsex drugs, similar to the adverse event of antiretroviral therapy, which progressively increase with decline in CD4 cell count [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing emergency department admissions for chemsex-related intoxications in Barcelona, Spain, among people living with HIV: an observational study from 2018 to 2020

et al. 2022

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Background Chemsex is a novel phenomenon referring to the use of drugs, including crystal methamphetamine, gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB)/gamma-butyrolactone (GABA) and mephedrone, to facilitate, enhance, and prolong the sexual experience in men who have sex with men in large cities internationally. There is a growing concern about chemsex and fatal cases among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of chemsex-related intoxications. Material and methods An observational study was conducted in people living with HIV who were admitted for chemsex-related intoxications in an emergency department of a teaching hospital in Barcelona, Spain, from 2018 to 2020. Severe acute intoxications were defined according to the Poisoning Severity Score. Results One hundred and fifteen male patients with a median age of 35.6±7 years were included in the study:15 (13.1%) in 2018, 32 (27.8%) in 2019 and 68 (59.1%) in 2020. All patients had stable housing, 107(93.0%) were Spanish citizen and 32 (27.8%) had mental health disorders. Median CD4 lymphocyte count was 624 (500–765) cells/mm3 and 99 (86.1%) had HIV-1 RNA suppression. Poly-drug use was observed in 51(44.3%) cases and methamphetamine in 75(65,2%) and gammahydroxibutiric acid in 68 (59.1%) were the main drugs used. Potential drug interactions due to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 by antiviral therapy was determined in 36 (31.3%) patients. Severe intoxications cases affecting neurologic and respiratory systems were diagnosed in 12 (10.4%) patients and no patient died. CD4 cell counts ≤500 cells (O.R.:4.2; C.I.95%:1.2–14.6) and mental health disorders (O.R.: 2.9; C. I 95%: 0.8–9.9) were associated with severe acute drug intoxications in the bivariate analyses. Conclusions Chemsex-related intoxications are an increasing clinical problem in people living with HIV. Chemsex should be routinely screened and addressed in clinical practice, particularly for people with mental illness and low CD4 cell counts, who are at higher risk for severe intoxications.

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“…An important feature of the past decade in pharmacology and toxicology has been the enhanced effort to develop and validate methods for the prediction or confirmation of health effects based on in vitro approaches. This recently reviewed issue [64] also has application potential in a cancer chemoprevention trial. In vitro tests that have been successfully used to screen compounds for mutagenic and carcinogenic activity should be informative in assessing chemopreventive efficacy.…”

Section: In Vitro Model Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological monitoring of cancer chemoprevention

Pillai

Garewal

Wood

et al. 1992

Journal of Surgical Oncology

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A major limiting factor in the successful implementation of cancer chemoprevention trials has been the determination of endpoints to measure efficacy and success. The use of the ultimate goal of such trials, namely, cancer incidence, as an endpoint has serious feasibility problems, including the need for large numbers of participants, long follow-up periods, and high costs. The application of biological markers as intermediate endpoints to reveal responses to chemopreventive agents within a short time and to act as surrogates for cancer is an attractive concept worthy of intense investigation. This study reviews some potential biological markers, including genetic, cellular, biochemical, and immunological, as well as their possible application to cancer chemoprevention.

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In vitro immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology: studies on drugs of abuse

Cited by 20 publications

References 65 publications

THEIN VITROEFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL SWEETENERS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM USING WHOLE BLOOD CULTURE ASSAYS

THEIN VITROEFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL SWEETENERS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM USING WHOLE BLOOD CULTURE ASSAYS

Increasing emergency department admissions for chemsex-related intoxications in Barcelona, Spain, among people living with HIV: an observational study from 2018 to 2020

Biological monitoring of cancer chemoprevention

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