In vitro glucose concentration measurement by a reusable enzymatic glucose sensor and a highly stable circular heterodyne polarimeter

Abstract

A reliable glucose concentration measurement system was proposed that consisted of a circular heterodyne polarimeter and a reusable enzymatic sensor. The circular heterodyne polarimeter was constructed using a highly stable circular heterodyne light source and a compact alignment-free apparatus that provided phase stability of less than 1° within 20 min. The reusable enzymatic glucose sensor can be reused more than 100 times and retain 90% of its initial performance under optimum storage conditions within a month. The proposed method can be used to determine glucose concentrations in aqueous solutions and human serum. The optimum resolution of the proposed method was approximately 0.88 mg/dl for the glucose solution and 0.68 mg/dl for the serum-based sample.

Enzymatic Glucose Fiber Sensor for Glucose Concentration Measurement with a Heterodyne Interferometry

“…Blood glucose concentration measurement methods can be divided into non-invasive methods [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] and invasive methods [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. While invasive methods do not provide painless measurements, these methods can avoid individual patient differences (including race, skin color, skin composition, skin thickness, and complex blood components) and increase the reliability of clinical diagnosis.…”

“…Therefore, currently available methods for clinical monitoring of blood glucose levels are based on the invasive (in vitro) methods. The invasive method can be categorized into electrochemical methods [ 7 , 8 ] and optical methods [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Many review papers [ 7 , 8 ] pointed out the advantages and challenges of the electrochemical method for blood glucose concentration monitoring.…”

The Enzymatic Doped/Undoped Poly-Silicon Nanowire Sensor for Glucose Concentration Measurement

“…There are various methods [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] to measure blood glucose concentration, which can be divided into non-invasive [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] and invasive [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Since the optical method [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] can realize the non-invasive measurement of blood glucose concentration, it has become a focus for technological development in recent decades.…”

“…There are various methods [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] to measure blood glucose concentration, which can be divided into non-invasive [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] and invasive [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Since the optical method [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] can realize the non-invasive measurement of blood glucose concentration, it has become a focus for technological development in recent decades. Although non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology has the advantage of painless monitoring of blood glucose concentration, individual patient differences (including race, skin color, skin composition thickness, and complex blood components) will lead to various errors in measurement results and reduce the reliability of clinical diagnosis.…”

“…Therefore, currently available methods for clinical monitoring of blood glucose levels are based on the invasive (in vitro) methods. To avoid the influence of complex chemicals from blood, these methods applied a specific enzyme to catalyze glucose into a unique resultant, which induced changes in the physical properties of the testing sample (such as refractive index (RI) [ 7 ], light intensity and polarization state [ 8 ], wavelength shift [ 9 ], or electric current [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]). Thus, these methods provide less individual variability and high reliability.…”