“…[152] In addition, covalent functionalisation of biopolymers with positively charged amino acids,p eptides,o rs mall molecules (Figure 6) can be used for charge tuning.F or example, arginine,histidine,and lysine were employed to functionalise dextran, [153][154][155] chitosan, [51] alginate, [59] human serum albumin (HSA), [78,156] HA, [116] and chondroitin sulfate. [157] Other small moieties used for biopolymer modification include quaternary amines, [56,73,[158][159][160] spermine, [63,161,162] piperazine, [163] cystamine, [69] and succinyl tetraethylene pentamine. [164] Moreover,the polymer backbone itself can be chemically modified to modulate its intrinsic charge.C hitosan, which is positively charged only at acidic pH, can be trimethylated at its primary amines resulting in ap ositive charge over ab roader pH range.…”