In vitro evaluation of skin adhesives during perspiration

Eiler, Johannes; Hansen, Daniel; Bingöl, Bahar; Hansen, Kristoffer; Heikenfeld, Jason; Thormann, Esben

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102574

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…The funnel‐like holes through the first three layers of the substrate represent human sweat pores in terms of size and pore density [57]. The membrane, as the bottommost layer, is used to provide a uniform flow to mimic human sweating among all the pores [58–60]. Consequently, by applying specific hydrostatic pressure to the substrate, a uniform, controlled and reproducible flow is supplied through the pores, as previously described by Hou et al [58].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro skin model for characterization of sunscreen substantivity upon perspiration

Keshavarzi

Knudsen

Brewer

et al. 2021

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Objective The resistance of sunscreens to the loss of ultraviolet (UV) protection upon perspiration is important for their practical efficacy. However, this topic is largely overlooked in evaluations of sunscreen substantivity due to the relatively few well‐established protocols compared to those for water resistance and mechanical wear. Methods In an attempt to achieve a better fundamental understanding of sunscreen behaviour in response to sweat exposure, we have developed a perspiring skin simulator, containing a substrate surface that mimics sweating human skin. Using this perspiring skin simulator, we evaluated sunscreen performance upon perspiration by in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) measurements, optical microscopy, ultraviolet (UV) reflectance imaging and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Results and conclusion Results indicated that perspiration reduced sunscreen efficiency through two mechanisms, namely sunscreen wash‐off (impairing the film thickness) and sunscreen redistribution (impairing the film uniformity). Further, we investigated how the sweat rate affected these mechanisms and how sunscreen application dose influenced UV protection upon perspiration. As expected, higher sweat rates led to a large loss of UV protection, while a larger application dose led to larger amounts of sunscreen being washed‐off and redistributed but also provided higher UV protection before and after sweating.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro skin model for characterization of sunscreen substantivity upon perspiration

Keshavarzi

Knudsen

Brewer

et al. 2021

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…The Thormann group recently adapted a similar membrane for skin adhesive testing [ 45 , 46 ] ( Figure 3 b). They obtained similar values of pore diameter and water contact angle as they used the same methodology, also reporting roughness measurements with a mechanical profilometer (obtaining an average roughness, R a , around 10 microns, which is on the same order of magnitude as human skin) and rheology tests.…”

Section: Perspiration Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They obtained similar values of pore diameter and water contact angle as they used the same methodology, also reporting roughness measurements with a mechanical profilometer (obtaining an average roughness, R a , around 10 microns, which is on the same order of magnitude as human skin) and rheology tests. While Eiler et al [ 45 ] used a syringe pump to set the desired sweat rate, Hansen et al [ 46 ] used hydrostatic pumping in combination with a flowmeter. Membrane materials and fabrication steps did not differ greatly from the original work.…”

Section: Perspiration Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…( c ) Experimental set-up of the artificial sweat pore system used by Koh et al [ 45 ] and SEM image of the perforated membrane. Reprinted with permission from [ 45 ]. Copyright 2016, The American Association for the Advancement of Science.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Impact of Microfluidics on Skin Models for Perspiration Simulation

2021

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Skin models offer an in vitro alternative to human trials without their high costs, variability, and ethical issues. Perspiration models, in particular, have gained relevance lately due to the rise of sweat analysis and wearable technology. The predominant approach to replicate the key features of perspiration (sweat gland dimensions, sweat rates, and skin surface characteristics) is to use laser-machined membranes. Although they work effectively, they present some limitations at the time of replicating sweat gland dimensions. Alternative strategies in terms of fabrication and materials have also showed similar challenges. Additional research is necessary to implement a standardized, simple, and accurate model representing sweating for wearable sensors testing.

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Soft Wireless Bioelectronics Designed for Real‐Time, Continuous Health Monitoring of Farmworkers

Kim

Chicas

et al. 2022

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Hotter summers caused by global warming and increased workload and duration are endangering the health of farmworkers, a high-risk population for heat-related illness (HRI), and deaths. Although prior studies using wearable sensors show the feasibility of employing field-collected data for HRI monitoring, existing devices still have limitations, such as data loss from motion artifacts, device discomfort from rigid electronics, difficulties with administering ingestible sensors, and low temporal resolution. Here, this paper introduces a wireless, wearable bioelectronic system with functionalities for continuous monitoring of skin temperature, electrocardiograms (ECG), heart rates (HR), and activities, configured in a single integrated package. Advanced nanomanufacturing based on laser machining allows rapid device fabrication and direct incorporation of sensors with a highly breathable substrate, allowing for managing excessive sweating and multimodal stresses. To validate the device's performance in agricultural settings, the device is applied to multiple farmworkers at various operations, including fernery, nursery, and crop. The accurate data recording, including high-fidelity ECG (signal-to-noise ratio: >20 dB), accurate HR (r = 0.89, r 2 = 0.65 in linear correlation), and reliable temperature/activity, confirms the device's capability for multiparameter health monitoring of farmworkers.

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In vitro evaluation of skin adhesives during perspiration

Cited by 18 publications

References 42 publications

In vitro skin model for characterization of sunscreen substantivity upon perspiration

In vitro skin model for characterization of sunscreen substantivity upon perspiration

Recent Impact of Microfluidics on Skin Models for Perspiration Simulation

Soft Wireless Bioelectronics Designed for Real‐Time, Continuous Health Monitoring of Farmworkers

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