In vitro evaluation of anticancer nanomedicines based on doxorubicin and amphiphilic Y-shaped copolymers

Abstract

Four monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) 2 (mPEG-P(LA-co-GA) 2 ) copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide and glycolide with double hydroxyl functionalized mPEG (mPEG-(OH) 2 ) as macroinitiator and stannous octoate as catalyst. The copolymers self-assembled into nanoscale micellar/vesicular aggregations in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline anticancer drug, was loaded into the micellar/vesicular nanoparticles, yielding micellar/vesicular nanomedicines. The in vitro release behaviors could be adjusted by content of hydrophobic polyester and pH of the release medium. In vitro cell experiments showed that the intracellular DOX release could be adjusted by content of P(LA-co-GA), and the nanomedicines displayed effective proliferation inhibition against Henrietta Lacks's cells with different culture times. Hemolysis tests indicated that the copolymers were hemocompatible, and the presence of copolymers could reduce the hemolysis ratio of DOX significantly. These results suggested that the novel anticancer nanomedicines based on DOX and amphiphilic Y-shaped copolymers were attractive candidates as tumor tissular and intracellular targeting drug delivery systems in vivo, with enhanced stability during circulation and accelerated drug release at the target sites.

Predicting and Discovering True Muonium (μ+μ−)

“…The greatest experimental obstacle is producing a sufficiently large number of the bound state. In the past, many production channels have been discussed: πp → (µ + µ − )n [35], γZ → (µ + µ − )Z [35], eZ → e(µ + µ − )Z [36,37], µ + µ − → (µ + µ − ) [16], e + e − → (µ + µ − ) [29,38,39], e + e − → (µ + µ − )γ [29], η → (µ + µ − )γ [40,41], [43], and q + q − → (µ + µ − )g in a quark plasma [44]. Some of the more novel methods of utilizing these production channels considered include: fixed target experiments [45], Fool's Intersection Storage Rings [29], and even from astrophysical sources [46,47].…”

Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy of Chemotherapy by Amphiphilic Y-Shaped Polypeptide Micelles

“…In addition, the topology of polymers is another critical factor for changing the behavior of self-assembly of polymers and properties of micelles (Li et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2017). The nonlinear amphiphilic polymers, including the graft, Y-shaped, dumbbell-shaped, and even star ones, always induce more stable self-assembled micellar nanoparticles compared with the linear amphiphilic polymers with the same components (Ding et al, 2011;Li et al, 2012;Li et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2021). Therefore, the micelles based on the nonlinear amphiphilic polymers exhibited more promising applications in controlled drug delivery for cancer therapy (Shi et al, 2018;Perin et al, 2021).…”