In vitro efficacy of plant extracts and synthesized substances on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract

Herbal drugs have been widely evaluated as an alternative method of parasite control, aiming to slow development of resistance and obtain low-cost biodegradable parasiticides. This study evaluated the in vitro efficacy on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus of extracts from Carapa guianensis seed oil, Cymbopogon martinii and Cymbopogon schoenanthus leaf essential oil, and Piper tuberculatum leaf crude extract and similar synthesized substances. In the immersion test, engorged females were evaluated in five dilutions ranging from 10% to 0.030625% concentration. In the larval test on impregnated filter paper, the concentration ranged from 10% to 0.02%. The treatments and controls were done in three replicates. Chemical analysis of the oils was performed by gas chromatography. The main compounds were oleic acid (46.8%) for C. guianensis and geraniol for C. martinii (81.4%), and C. schoenanthus (62.5%). The isolated and synthesized substances showed no significant effect on larvae and adult. C. martinii and P. tuberculatum showed the best efficacy on the engorged females. The LC(50) and LC(90) were 2.93% and 6.66% and 3.76% and 25.03%, respectively. In the larval test, the LC(50) and LC(90) obtained for C. martinii, P. tuberculatum, and C. schoenanthus were 0.47% and 0.63%, 0.41% and 0.79%, 0.57% and 0.96%, respectively. The fact that geraniol is present in greater quantities in C. martinii explains its higher activity in relation to C. shoenanthus. It is necessary to validate the in vivo use of safe and effective phytoparasiticidal substances. Efforts should be focused on developing formulations that enhance the efficacy in vivo and lengthen the residual period.

In Vitro Acaricidal Activity ofAtropa belladonnaand Its Components, Scopolamine and Atropine, againstRhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplus

“…To minimise the use of chemical acaricides, other alternative approaches involve the use of ecofriendly sustainable methods in a strategic integrated manner; along with the use of hosts with natural resistance to ticks and tick vaccines, the exploration of the possibilities of the plant derivatives for the control of ticks has drawn our attention in the last few decades [ 7 , 8 ]. These phytochemicals act in different ways such as counteraction of growth regulatory hormones, inhibition of egg development, disruption of mating and sexual communication, and inhibition of chitin formation and their repellent action [ 9 ]. The efficacy of a single ectoparasiticidal/repellent plant product can be enhanced by a judicious combination with another plant or active ingredient that has adjuvant properties [ 7 ].…”

Acaricidal activity of Amburana cearensis on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

“…The diluent used in the solubilization extract has significant importance since it enhance the effectiveness of the extract or not (PIVOTO et al, 2010). The low molecular weight and low viscosity solvents are preferred for immersion tests (CHAGAS et al, 2012). In this study, water was used as a diluent, and to the insoluble substances in water was added the surfactant Cremophor.…”

Acaricidal properties of ylang-ylang oil and star anise oil against nymphs of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae)

“…Plant extracts have been used for millennia to attempt to control arthropod pests, so there is a potential for discovery of effective plant products for tick control (Silva-Aguayo 2004;Katinka et al 2008). Many natural substances have a relatively low mammalian toxicity and degrade rapidly in the environment, properties that make them attractive alternatives to many synthetic acaricides currently in use (Papachristos et al 2004;Kim et al 2007;De Souza Chagas et al 2012). This study investigates the potential utility for control of ticks of two naturally occurring essential oils, ylang-ylang oil (YYO) from Cananga odorata (Lam.)…”