In vitro cytotoxicity of chlorophenols to goldfish GF‐scale (GFS) cells and quantitative structure‐activity relationships

Abstract

GF‐Scale (GFS) cells, a fibroblastic cell line derived from the scale of goldfish, were used for the determination of the cytotoxicity of chlorophenols (CPs) and the quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSAR) studies. As the cytotoxicity end point, the amount of neutral red retained by viable cells after exposure to chemicals was quantified. The sequence of cytotoxicity based on the concentration of chemicals that reduced uptake of neutral red by 50% (NR50) was penta‐Cl (PCP) > 2,4,5‐Cl3 > 2,3,4‐Cl3 > 2,3,4,6‐Cl4 > 3,5‐Cl2 > 3,4‐Cl2 > 2,4‐Cl2 > 2,5‐Cl2 > 2,3‐Cl2 > 2,4,6‐Cl3 > 3‐Cl > 4‐Cl > 2,6‐Cl > 2‐Cl > phenol. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these chemicals was found to be significantly correlated to their in vivo acute toxicity to aquatic species, and NR50 values were correlated with six physicochemical parameters of chlorophenols. Log Pow (n‐octanol/water partition coefficient) gave the best correlation in simple linear regression analysis, as is frequently stated in toxicity studies with aquatic animals. Multiparametric linear regression equations yielded improved correlation coefficients and predictive capabilities, including the log Pow and pKa. These results suggest that in vitro fish cytotoxicity assays using the GFS cell lines are useful for ecotoxicity screening of aquatic pollutants.

Cytotoxicity evaluation of synthesized chemicals using suspension-cultured fish cells

“…There have been several studies on the correlation between the toxicity values obtained from the toxicity tests using monolayer‐cultured fish cells (in vitro) and the values obtained from the tests using whole fish body (in vivo) 16–18,21–24 . In this study, the NR 50 values obtained from the toxicity tests using the CHSE‐sp cells and the CHSE‐214 cells were compared with the 96 h LC 50 values of one of the warm‐water fish, fathead minnow, and one of the cold‐water fish, rainbow trout.…”

Modelling pKa of Carboxylic Acids and Chlorinated Phenols

“…Experimental free energies of dissociation AGeXP are derived from corresponding pK, values [36,37] using Eq. (6).…”

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

“…Chlorinated phenolics with the chlorine at position 2 are less toxic than the other chlorophenols, while toxicity increases as a chlorine atom is substituted at 3, 4, and 5 positions (Saito et al 1991;Czaplicka 2004). The bioaccumulation potential increases with the number of chlorine substituents on the phenolic ring.…”