In-vitro Biological Evaluation of Diopside Bio-ceramic Synthesized From Sustainable Agro-food Waste Ashes

Sustainable Sources of Raw Materials for Additive Manufacturing of Bone‐Substituting Biomaterials

“…[111] Rice husk biochar, typically containing 48.65-54.59% carbon [112] and other elements (i.e., hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and silicon (Si)), has been processed into various types of bioactive ceramics for bone tissue engineering, such as bioglass, [113,114] wollastonite (Figure 3c), [115][116][117][118][119][120] forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), [120] and diopside. [120,121] Rice husk biochar can be mixed with other ingredients (e.g., NaOH as a sodium source or NH 4 H 2 PO 4 as a phosphate source, or CaO from eggshell powder) at different concentrations using the chemical precipitation method, sol-gel technique, or solidstate sintering to obtain the desired bioceramics. For example, bioactive glass can be designed to have 50% SiO 2 , 25% Na 2 O, and 25% CaO or 60% SiO 2 , 34% CaO, and 6% P 2 O 5 .…”

“…[120] All of the rice husk-derived SiO 2 bioactive ceramics have shown in vitro biodegradability and the ability to induce apatite formation in simulated body fluid. [114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121] While chemically synthesized mesoporous SiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely evaluated in vivo, [122] the in vivo studies on agriculturally derived SiO 2 NPs are limited. Rice husk-derived SiO 2 NPs have been integrated with rare earth ions for in vivo bioimaging applications.…”

“…[ 111 ] Rice husk biochar, typically containing 48.65–54.59% carbon [ 112 ] and other elements (i.e., hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and silicon (Si)), has been processed into various types of bioactive ceramics for bone tissue engineering, such as bioglass, [ 113,114 ] wollastonite (Figure 3c), [ 115–120 ] forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), [ 120 ] and diopside. [ 120,121 ]…”