Sustainable Sources of Raw Materials for Additive Manufacturing of Bone‐Substituting Biomaterials

Abstract

The need for sustainable development has never been more urgent, as the world continues to struggle with environmental challenges, such as climate change, pollution, and dwindling natural resources. The use of renewable and recycled waste materials as a source of raw materials for biomaterials and tissue engineering is a promising avenue for sustainable development. Although tissue engineering has rapidly developed, the challenges associated with fulfilling the increasing demand for bone substitutes and implants remain unresolved, particularly as the global population ages. This review provides an overview of waste materials, such as eggshells, seashells, fish residues, and agricultural biomass, that can be transformed into biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. While the development of recycled metals is in its early stages, we highlight the use of probiotics and renewable polymers to improve the biofunctionalities of bone implants. Despite the advances of additive manufacturing (AM), studies on AM waste‐derived bone‐substitutes are limited. It is foreseeable that AM technologies can provide a more sustainable alternative to manufacturing biomaterials and implants. The preliminary results of eggshell and seashell‐derived calcium phosphate and rice husk ash‐derived silica will likely pave the way for more advanced applications of AM waste‐derived biomaterials for sustainably addressing several unmet clinical applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

3D Printing Direct Powder Extrusion in the Production of Drug Delivery Systems: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

“…This fact is particularly advantageous when processing high-cost drugs, such as orphan drugs. Moreover, in contrast with other 3D printing techniques such as SSE, which usually need a post-processing drying step, drug delivery systems prepared by DPE have no post-printing requirements, shortening the time needed to prepare the medical prescription [ 16 , 17 , 23 , 24 , 33 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. Regulatory Challenges: The future of DPE will probably be the application in clinical settings such as hospitals and compounding pharmacies, rather than the mass production of medicines.…”

“…This fact is particularly advantageous when processing high-cost drugs, such as orphan drugs. Moreover, in contrast with other 3D printing techniques such as SSE, which usually need a post-processing drying step, drug delivery systems prepared by DPE have no post-printing requirements, shortening the time needed to prepare the medical prescription [16,17,23,24,33,[63][64][65].…”

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