In vitro assessment of the broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection of sunscreen products

UVA I-protection effectiveness of bioactive compound and organic UV filters: an in vitro assessment

“…Samples were allowed to rest and to dry at room temperature until absorbance recording. [9][10][11] UVA I/UV ratio was calculated according to the following equations, as described by US Food and Drug Administration: …”

Multifunction hexagonal liquid-crystal containing modified surface TiO2 nanoparticles and terpinen-4-ol for controlled release

“…In addition, λ c determination does not promote the erroneous notion of UVB and UVA as separate entities, but rather as part of a continuous electromagnetic spectrum. 52 It is important to remark that it is known that TiO 2 blocks UV radiation physically by scattering and reflecting the incoming radiation and chemically by absorbing it. 54 Thus, this method evaluates only the chemical activity of TiO 2 .…”

“…This method, unlike the in vivo ones, does not provide UVA-induced acute or chronic skin damage to determine the protection spectra of the sunscreen against sunlight. 52 The λ c is determined when the area under the spectrum from 290 nm (the approximate lower wavelength limit of terrestrial sunlight) to λ c is 90% of the integral of the absorbance spectrum from 290 to 400 nm. 53 The λ c of the formulation was higher than 370 nm; thus, the formulation is classified as broad-spectrum protection.…”

Ácido ferúlico em protetores solares: desenvolvimento e eficácia multifuncional in vitro, ex vivo e in vivo

“…A radiação UV abrange a faixa de comprimento de onda de 100 a 400 nm e é didaticamente dividida em UVC (100 a 290 nm), UVB (290 a 320 nm), UVA II (320 a 340 nm) e UVA I (340 a 400 nm) (DIFFEY et al, 2000). Devido a fenômenos, como o espalhamento por moléculas de nitrogênio, de oxigênio e a absorção pela camada de ozônio, a radiação UVC, extremamente energética e mutagênica, não atinge a superfície terrestre.…”