In Vitro Antimicrobial Properties of Aqueous Garlic Extract Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Candida Species from Nigeria

Abstract

The antimicrobial effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against 133 multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Proteus spp., and against 10 Candida spp. were studied. Antibacterial activity of AGE by well-diffusion and macrobroth dilution method was characterized by inhibition zones of 20.2-22.7 mm for gram-positives and 19.8-24.5 mm for gram-negatives and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 15.6-48.3 mg/mL and 22.9-37.2 mg/mL, respectively. With the exception of P. aeruginosa, the observed disparity in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours was not significant (P >.05) in these isolates. The anticandidal effect of AGE resulted in a growth inhibition zone of 27.4 +/- 3.7 mm with no significant difference (P >.05) in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Minimum fungicidal concentrations were found to be 14.9 and 15.5 mg/mL, respectively, at these incubation periods. Further analysis revealed the antimicrobial efficacy of AGE to be dose and time dependent, producing five distinct time-kill profiles among the isolates tested. The results of this study support the use of garlic in health products and herbal remedies in Nigeria.

Comparative phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus

“…The bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant determined by disc diffusion assay according to Iwalokun et al (2004) (Table 1). They were recovered as viable isolates by subculturing their stock cultures in 16% glycerol-trypticase soy (TSB) or brain heart infusion broth (BHI) at -20 o C or malt extraxt medium.…”

“…N = number of isolates tested; Str = streptomycin; Ery = erythromycin; Aug = augmentin; Cef = cefotaxime; Cro = ceftriaxone; Tet = tetracycline; Amp = ampicillin; Amo = amoxycillin; Kan = kanamycin; Gen = gentamicin; Chl = chloramphenicol; Col = colistin sulphate; cot = cotrimoxazole; and TMP-STX = Trimetoprim -sulphamethoxazole. †The antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates except L. acidophillus were given as previously described (Iwalokun et al, 2004).…”

Screening for Antibacterial Properties of Three Medicinal Plants Against Salmonella Sp. Isolates Obtained From Broiler Carcass in Indonesia

“…As a matter of fact, garlic has been used for thousands of years as food and medicine in many cultures (Braun and Cohen, 2005). Garlic is well known for its anti-infective properties against a wide range of microorganisms (Iwalokun et al, 2004). Garlic can be eaten raw as well as cooked.…”

Antimicrobial Effects of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles and Some Spices in Minced Meat

“…Iwalokun et. al., [32] studied the effect of aqueous extract of garlic and found higher diameter of inhibition zones ranged from 19.8 to 24.5 mm for gramnegatives and MIC values varied from 22.9 to 37.2 mg/ml. Ahmad et.…”