“…Due to its hydrophilic peptide moiety and lipophilic fatty acid chain moiety, surfactin is an amphipathic biosurfactant and exhibits potent surfactant properties, reducing the surface tension of water from 72 to 27 mN/m at concentrations as low as 10 μM ( Datta et al, 2020 ). Due to their excellent ability to attack the cell membrane and improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic organics ( Dewidar and Sorial, 2021 ), surfactins are often used in antibacterial ( Johnson et al, 2021 ), antimycoplasmal ( Wang et al, 2020b ), antiviral ( Yuan et al, 2018 ), anticancer ( Wu et al, 2017 ), and oil recovery and degradation applications ( Yang et al, 2020 ; Meena et al, 2021 ). However, surfactins have never been applied to kill algae and control HABs.…”