In the quest of the optimal tissue source (porcine male and female articular, tracheal and auricular cartilage) for the development of collagen sponges for articular cartilage

Tissue origin matters: Maintenance of tenogenic phenotype on the tendon and not skin collagen‐derived devices

“…Similar to hDF cultures, basic cellular function analysis using hTC morphology, proliferation metabolic activity, and viability revealed no apparent differences between the skin‐ and tendon‐derived collagen scaffolds and, again, the 1 mM 4SG‐PEG did not induce any cytotoxicity. This directly aligns with previous publications, where 4SG‐PEG has shown acceptable levels of cytocompatibility (e.g., collagen type I hydrogels, 76 films 24,58 and fibers 25,77 and collagen type II hydrogels 44 and sponges 42,78 ).…”

“…Similar to hDF cultures, basic cellular function analysis using hTC morphology, proliferation metabolic activity, and viability revealed no apparent differences between the skin-and tendon-derived collagen scaffolds and, again, the 1 mM 4SG-PEG did not induce any cytotoxicity. This directly aligns with previous publications, where 4SG-PEG has shown acceptable levels of cytocompatibility (e.g., collagen type I hydrogels, 76 films 24,58 and fibers 25,77 and collagen type II hydrogels 44 and sponges 42,78 ). Immunocytochemistry analysis (the function of each molecule assessed is provided inTable S2) made apparent that at Day 14 (the longest time point assessed), the 0 mM 4SG-PEG skin-derived collagen scaffolds significantly increased (over the tendon-derived collagen scaffolds) the synthesis of collagen type IV, collagen type V, collagen type VI and fibronectin.…”

“…4 With respect to biological response, articular cartilage collagen type II devices have been shown to stimulate significantly higher than auricular and tracheal cartilage collagen type II devices glycosaminoglycans synthesis and collagen type II and aggrecan mRNA expression in chondrogenically induced human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. 42 Herein, we assess the influence of the tissue origin (skin and tendon) on the physicochemical and biological properties of acid/pepsin and repeated salt precipitation extracted bovine collagen type I sponges. Pepsin was used as a means to increase yield and reduce immunogenicity.…”

“…This observation is also translated to collagen‐based devices; acid‐soluble bovine Achilles (high load bearing tissue) tendon‐derived reconstituted collagen fibers had higher diameter than acid‐soluble rat tail (high function tissue) tendon‐derived reconstituted collagen fibers 4 . With respect to biological response, articular cartilage collagen type II devices have been shown to stimulate significantly higher than auricular and tracheal cartilage collagen type II devices glycosaminoglycans synthesis and collagen type II and aggrecan mRNA expression in chondrogenically induced human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells 42 …”

Collagen type II: From biosynthesis to advanced biomaterials for cartilage engineering

“…Over the years, various tissues have been used and extraction protocols have been proposed to obtain collagen type II, albeit with variable degree of efficiency with respect to purity, from terrestrial and marine species. From the terrestrial species, bovine [ 128 , 129 ], porcine [ 130 , 131 ] and chicken [ 132 , 133 ] tissues are preferred for collagen type II extraction. It is interesting to note that it has been suggested that collagen type II retains memory of the tissue that is extracted from, with articular cartilage derived collagen type II to be more effective than auricular and tracheal cartilage derived collagen type II in inducing chondrogenic differentiation of human stem cells [131] .…”