In Situ Sequestration of Perfluoroalkyl Substances Using Polymer-Stabilized Powdered Activated Carbon

Liu, Chen; Hatton, James W.; Arnold, William A.; Simcik, Matt F.; Pennell, Kurt D.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c00155

Cited by 41 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…For the various simulated scenarios, breakthrough of the plume (PFOS above a screening value of 0.6 µg/L) in a downgradient monitoring well ranged from about approximately 5 years to no breakthrough for at least 100 years (Carey et al, 2019). The use of powdered activated carbon with a coagulant (poly‐DADMAC) as a subsurface injected sorbent has also been researched (Liu et al, 2020; SERDP, 2020; Simcik et al, 2019). Polymer stabilized ion‐exchange resins have also shown promise as sorbent candidates for subsurface injection in lab‐scale column studies (Liu et al, 2022).…”

Section: Pfas Ea Approach 1: Injection Of Particulate Sorbents To Enh...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced attenuation (EA) to manage PFAS plumes in groundwater

Newell

Javed

et al. 2022

Remediation Journal

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Remediation of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater is particularly challenging because of their unique chemical and fate and transport properties. Many conventional in-situ remediation technologies, commonly applied to address other groundwater contaminants, have proven ineffective for treatment of PFAS. Given their stability, destruction of PFAS in-situ has remained elusive as an in-situ treatment option. Consequently, new approaches to manage PFAS groundwater plumes are of great interest to environmental practitioners. We propose that enhancing PFAS retention can play an important role in reducing PFAS mass flux and providing long-term protection of downgradient groundwater receptors. Enhanced retention of PFAS fits directly into the enhanced attenuation (EA) framework, an established groundwater remediation strategy that was developed in the first decade of the 2000s for other groundwater contaminants. In this paper, we propose eight EA approaches for PFAS in groundwater, including technologies that are currently being implemented at PFAS sites (e.g., injection of particulate carbon amendments), applications of conventional remediation technologies to PFAS sites (e.g., capping to retain PFAS in the vadose zone), and novel, innovative approaches (e.g., intentional food grade LNAPL emplacement to retain PFAS) for enhanced PFAS retention. These EA approaches leverage the properties of PFAS to (i) facilitate sorption to conventional and novel sorbents, (ii) concentrate PFAS at air/water interface via gas sparging, and/or (iii) encourage retention via tidal pumping and PFAS salting out processes. For each of the proposed EA approaches, we describe the methodology or concept and discuss the key processes, potential applications, anticipated increases in PFAS retention compared to natural systems, potential challenges, alternate designs, and current likelihood of large-scale adoption.

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Section: Pfas Ea Approach 1: Injection Of Particulate Sorbents To Enh...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced attenuation (EA) to manage PFAS plumes in groundwater

Newell

Javed

et al. 2022

Remediation Journal

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“…Overall, the most common method for water remediation of polyfluorinated compounds is surface adsorption. Activated carbon is often used because of its relative low cost and familiarity to the water treatment communities (Belkouteb et al ., 2020 ; Liu et al ., 2020 ; Sonmez et al ., 2021 ). Carbon filtration is known to remove many organic contaminants, often present at higher concentration than the fluorinated compounds, resulting in competition for binding sites on the adsorbent.…”

Section: Polyfluorinated Including Perfluorinated Compounds Are Biode...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nothing lasts forever: understanding microbial biodegradation of polyfluorinated compounds and perfluorinated alkyl substances

Wackett

2021

Microbial Biotechnology

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Poly-and perfluorinated chemicals, including perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), are pervasive in today's society, with a negative impact on human and ecosystem health continually emerging. These chemicals are now subject to strict government regulations, leading to costly environmental remediation efforts. Commercial polyfluorinated compounds have been called 'forever chemicals' due to their strong resistance to biological and chemical degradation. Environmental cleanup by bioremediation is not considered practical currently. Implementation of bioremediation will require uncovering and understanding the rare microbial successes in degrading these compounds. This review discusses the underlying reasons why microbial degradation of heavily fluorinated compounds is rare. Fluorinated and chlorinated compounds are very different with respect to chemistry and microbial physiology. Moreover, the end product of biodegradation, fluoride, is much more toxic than chloride. It is imperative to understand these limitations, and elucidate physiological mechanisms of defluorination, in order to better discover, study, and engineer bacteria that can efficiently degrade polyfluorinated compounds.

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“…The most applied technologies for the treatment of PFAS in water treated above ground are systems utilize activated carbon and ion‐exchange resin. Limited laboratory and field studies have been conducted looking at the possibility of using in situ methods to address PFAS‐impacted groundwater (Aly et al, 2019; Barajas, 2019; Bruton & Sedlak, 2017; Carey & McGregor, 2019; Dombrowski et al, 2018; Eberle et al, 2017; Liu et al, 2020; McGregor, 2018; McGregor, 2020; Park et al, 2016). The use of in situ methods for the treatment of PFAS offers several advantages over extraction technologies including lower costs and flexibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The in situ treatment of TCE and PFAS in groundwater within a silty sand aquifer

McGregor¹,

Zhao²

2021

Remediation Journal

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Chlorinated ethenes such as trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-1,2-DCE), and vinyl chloride along with per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been identified as chemicals of concern in groundwater; with many of the compounds being confirmed as being carcinogens or suspected carcinogens. While there are a variety of demonstrated in-situ technologies for the treatment of chlorinated ethenes, there are limited technologies available to treat PFAS in groundwater. At a former industrial site shallow groundwater was impacted with TCE, cis-1,2-DCE, and vinyl chloride at concentrations up to 985, 258, and 54 µg/L, respectively. The groundwater also contained maximum concentrations of the following PFAS: 12,800 ng/L of perfluoropentanoic acid, 3,240 ng/L of perfluorohexanoic acid, 795 ng/L of perfluorobutanoic acid, 950 ng/L of perfluorooctanoic acid, and 2,140 ng/L of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Using a combination of adsorption, biotic, and abiotic degradation in situ remedial approaches, the chemicals of concern were targeted for removal from the groundwater with adsorption being utilized for PFAS whereas adsorption, chemical reduction, and anaerobic biodegradation were used for the chlorinated ethenes. Sampling of the groundwater over a 24-month period indicated that the detected PFAS were treated to either their detection, or below the analytical detection limit over the monitoring period. Postinjection results for TCE, cis-1,2-DCE, and vinyl chloride indicated that the concentrations of the three compounds decreased by an order of magnitude within 4 months of injection, with TCE decreasing to below the analytical detection limit over the 24-month monitoring period. Cis-1, 2-DCE, and vinyl chloride concentrations decreased by over 99% within 8 months of injections, remaining at or below these concentrations during the 24-month monitoring period. Analyses of Dehalococcoides, ethene, and acetylene over time suggest that microbiological and reductive dechlorination were occurring in conjunction with adsorption to attenuate the chlorinated ethenes and PFAS within the aquifer. Analysis of soil cores collected pre-and post-injection, indicated that the distribution of the colloidal activated carbon was influenced by small scale heterogeneities within the aquifer. However, all aquifer samples collected within the targeted injection zone contained total organic carbon at concentrations at least one order of magnitude greater than the preinjection total organic carbon concentrations.

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In Situ Sequestration of Perfluoroalkyl Substances Using Polymer-Stabilized Powdered Activated Carbon

Cited by 41 publications

References 43 publications

Enhanced attenuation (EA) to manage PFAS plumes in groundwater

Enhanced attenuation (EA) to manage PFAS plumes in groundwater

Nothing lasts forever: understanding microbial biodegradation of polyfluorinated compounds and perfluorinated alkyl substances

The in situ treatment of TCE and PFAS in groundwater within a silty sand aquifer

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