Abstract:Remediation of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater is particularly challenging because of their unique chemical and fate and transport properties. Many conventional in-situ remediation technologies, commonly applied to address other groundwater contaminants, have proven ineffective for treatment of PFAS. Given their stability, destruction of PFAS in-situ has remained elusive as an in-situ treatment option. Consequently, new approaches to manage PFAS groundwater plumes are of great interest… Show more
“…Surface excess can be an indicator of PFAS retention on solids and is of particular importance for modeling PFAS transport in the vadose zone where there is high air–water interfacial area. 7,35–37 We found that surface excess ( Γ max ) did not vary substantially among the conditions tested (ultrapure, ABW, ASW). An equivalent minimum surface tension was observed in all three aqueous systems (Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 77%
“…Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts interfacial area. 7,[35][36][37] We found that surface excess (G max ) did not vary substantially among the conditions tested (ultrapure, ABW, ASW). An equivalent minimum surface tension was observed in all three aqueous systems (Fig.…”
Section: Papermentioning
confidence: 72%
“…As evidenced by the growing body of literature on PFAS interfacial properties and partitioning behavior, 6,7,12,17,23,24,[35][36][37]42 there is heightened recognition within the research community of the ways that the surfactant behavior of PFAS affects the compounds' environmental fate. Interfacial accumulation has the potential to enhance the retention of these compounds, resulting in unexpected retention of PFAS within the source zone.…”
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exist in contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments from use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs). Under these conditions PFAS exhibit unusual behavior due...
“…Surface excess can be an indicator of PFAS retention on solids and is of particular importance for modeling PFAS transport in the vadose zone where there is high air–water interfacial area. 7,35–37 We found that surface excess ( Γ max ) did not vary substantially among the conditions tested (ultrapure, ABW, ASW). An equivalent minimum surface tension was observed in all three aqueous systems (Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 77%
“…Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts interfacial area. 7,[35][36][37] We found that surface excess (G max ) did not vary substantially among the conditions tested (ultrapure, ABW, ASW). An equivalent minimum surface tension was observed in all three aqueous systems (Fig.…”
Section: Papermentioning
confidence: 72%
“…As evidenced by the growing body of literature on PFAS interfacial properties and partitioning behavior, 6,7,12,17,23,24,[35][36][37]42 there is heightened recognition within the research community of the ways that the surfactant behavior of PFAS affects the compounds' environmental fate. Interfacial accumulation has the potential to enhance the retention of these compounds, resulting in unexpected retention of PFAS within the source zone.…”
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exist in contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments from use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs). Under these conditions PFAS exhibit unusual behavior due...
“…MNA was established as a groundwater remedy in the mid‐1990s through early 2000s (U.S. EPA 1999; National Research Council [NRC] 2000; Suthersan 2001). Evidence for its applicability has been expanded over time for contaminant classes including: petroleum hydrocarbons (Newell and Connor 1998; ASTM 2016), wood preservatives (Stroo et al 1997), chlorinated solvents (U.S. EPA 1998; ITRC 1999); MTBE (U.S. EPA 2005a), metals and other inorganics (U.S. EPA 2007, 2009, 2015), radionuclides (U.S. EPA 2010), perchlorate (ESTCP 2010), and 1,4‐dioxane (Adamson et al 2015). The newest frontier for evaluating the applicability of MNA as an effective groundwater remedy is undoubtedly PFAS (e.g., Newell et al 2021a, 2021b).…”
“…Interactions between LNAPL (either mobile or residual) and PFAS have important implications for remedial strategies at contaminated sites. Recently, Newell et al (2022) explained how monitored natural attenuation (MNA) could be considered for PFAS sites in light of the fact that perfluoroalkyl acids such as PFOS and PFOA are unlikely to be degradable by naturally occurring microbes under relevant environmental conditions. A primary conclusion from these authors was that "retention" is a term and concept that should be considered for PFAS conceptual site models and the evaluation of PFAS natural attenuation.…”
Section: Implications For Site Characterization and Remedial Strategymentioning
Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and weathered petroleum hydrocarbons can be co‐contaminants at sites where aqueous film‐forming foam (AFFF) was used to extinguish high‐temperature petroleum fires. Here, we report on the partitioning of six PFAS between water and a weathered diesel and gasoline range hydrocarbon light non‐aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) collected from the subsurface of a decommissioned refinery. Results showed that both the structural features of PFAS and the characteristics of LNAPL exhibited significant impacts on the magnitude of PFAS partitioned to the LNAPL. The LNAPL–water partition coefficients (Kl) of PFOA and PFOS to the weathered LNAPL measured in this work were nearly or more than 10 times greater than Kl values calculated by others for partitioning to single‐component, unweathered NAPLs, indicating that laboratory studies evaluating LNAPL–water partitioning studies using single component NAPLs can largely underestimate the Kl expected to be encountered at contaminated AFFF sites. Interactions with LNAPL can be important controllers of PFAS fate and transport, and the Kl values estimated in this work suggest that LNAPL could be a significant transport sink for PFAS in the field. Results from this work suggest that PFAS partitioning to weathered LNAPL is an important process to be considered when designing remedial strategies, particularly those incorporating monitored natural attenuation or natural source zone depletion.
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