In situ detection of lithium metal plating on graphite in experimental cells

Uhlmann, Christian; Illig, Jörg; Ender, Moses; Schuster, Rolf; Ivers-Tiffée, Ellen

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.046

Cited by 314 publications

(305 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…• C. These Post-Mortem results together with the electrochemical evaluation in Figure 1 substantiate the findings by Uhlmann et al, 40 Schindler et al, 30 and von Lüders et al 41 However, it must be critically discussed here that temperature might play a role in the shape of the voltage relaxation behavior, which was not investigated in detail yet. The finding that cycling at 0…”

Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 86%

“…• C. This experiment is suggested from the works of Uhlmann et al 40 who did similar measurements in half cells, by Schindler et al who transferred this method to full cells, 30 and by von Lüders et al who finally correlated the voltage relaxation to Li plating by operando neutron diffraction experiments. 41 These previous studies suggest that the shape of the voltage relaxation curves indicate Li plating in the previous charging process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This was explained by a mixed potential of the anode when both Li and Li x C 6 are present on the anode. 40,42 For charging at 0.5C at 0…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Li-ion cells are used in a variety of mobile and stationary applications. Their use must be safe under all conditions, even for aged cells in second-life applications. In the present study, different aging mechanisms are taken into account for accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) tests. 18650-type cells are cycled at 0 • C (Li plating expected) and at 45 • C (SEI growth expected). After extensive evaluation of the electrochemical results (voltage curve analysis, capacity fade, energy fade, Coulombic efficiency), the cells are tested by PostMortem analysis (CT, GD-OES, SEM) to reveal the main aging mechanisms and by ARC to test the safety behavior. Besides typical ARC results such as onset-of-self-heating, onset-of-thermal runaway and maximum temperatures, as well as acoustic responses of thermal runaway are evaluated and a method is developed to compare fresh cells and cells aged until different SOHs. It turns out that the safety of aged cells is not simply a function of the SOH. However, safety is strongly affected by the main aging mechanism and to the history of operating parameters during the life-time of the cell. Driven by the demand for higher capacity, lower volume, and lower weight, Li-ion technology was developed in the 1980s.1,2 Nowadays, Li-ion technology is used for energy storage in a large variety of applications, e.g. smartphones, tablets, or drones. In particular, electric vehicles in combination with renewable energy sources are promising for reducing climate change and the corresponding glacier melting and sea level rise which is influenced by burning fossil fuels.3-6 For all applications, the safety behavior under all specified operating conditions is most important.7-9 The same is true for aged Li-ion cells used in second-life applications, for example cells which are utilized in stationary energy storage applications after their usage in electric cars.In the past, failure of Li-ion cells led to product recalls which are very expensive for the manufacturers and unsettle customers, even if such incidents happen only in very few cases (ppm range).10 At the moment, safety tests have to be performed with Li-ion prototypes cells before market release. In these tests, fresh cells are always used, however, aged cells are usually neglected. Even if fresh cells show an acceptable safety behavior, this can change for aged cells. 7,[11][12][13][14][15] While some authors observed decreases for certain safety properties, 7,11,12 others found improvements. 12,13,15 It is well known that aging mechanisms change the properties of the materials inside Li-ion cells. [16][17][18][19] Operating conditions and materials have a strong influence on these aging mechanisms. 12,[20][21][22][23] We recently reported on a change of the aging mechanism with temperature for cycling aging of commercial 18650-type cells with graphite anodes and NMC/LMO cathodes. 20 This mechanism change is expressed by a V-shape in Arrhenius plots of the capacity fade rates obtained from cycling at different ambient temperatures. 20 This c...

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Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…39,40 This local increase in stress could lead to further separator deformation, creating a potential positive feedback scenario in which defects grow. Similarly, if the lithium deposit becomes electronically disconnected from the underlying graphite (as is often observed experimentally, 3,4,5,1,38 ) the dead lithium deposit itself becomes a defect, restricting transport in the same manner as separator pore closure. These two growth mechanisms can explain the relatively large local lithium deposits observed in experiments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…One major challenge in this area is that only lithium that is electronically disconnected from the graphite (so-called "dead lithium") can be observed ex situ; electronically connected lithium is expected to insert into the underlying electrode prior to disassembly. 38,31,32 However, the formation process of dead lithium is still poorly understood, 1 preventing its meaningful inclusion in the present model. The cell parameters used in this simulation are tabulated in Table I, Simulation results.-The results from numerical simulations of defect-containing coin cells provides a wealth of insight into the observed localized phenomena that would be difficult to determine experimentally.…”

Section: Simulation Of Defect-induced Platingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Defects on Localized Plating in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cannarella

Arnold

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

169

132

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This work investigates how local cell defects can induce local lithium deposition and dendrite growth in a lithium-ion cell that appears to otherwise be performing correctly. Using local pore closure in the battery separator as a model defect, we experimentally demonstrate the occurrence of local lithium deposition during cycling in coin cells containing deliberately manufactured local regions of separator pore closure. We further investigate the local plating phenomena observed in these experiments using an axisymmetric finite element model of the defect-containing coin cell geometry. Our simulations show that the pore closure acts as an "electrochemical concentrator," creating locally high currents and overpotentials in the adjacent electrodes. This leads to lithium plating if the local overpotential exceeds equilibrium potential in the negative electrode. We examine the sensitivity of the local plating behavior to various materials, geometric, and operating parameters to identify mitigation strategies. The results of this work can be generalized to any defect that creates spatially non-uniform current distributions. The formation of metallic lithium, or lithium plating, is a wellknown and potentially dangerous degradation mechanism in lithiumion batteries.1 Lithium plating directly leads to capacity loss through corrosion with the cell's electrolyte 2 and in the worst case scenarios can lead to catastrophic failure by creating an internal short circuit. 1 Recent work shows a link between mechanics and lithium plating such that lithium plating is aggravated at higher levels of internal mechanical stress 3 and generally occurs in a periodic structure indicative of the cell's mechanical design. 3,4,5 However, the underlying physical mechanisms governing the relationship between lithium plating and mechanical stress remain unexplained. In this work we explain the observed link by experimentally demonstrating that local mechanical deformation of the battery separator can cause local lithium plating in an otherwise well-functioning cell. We support these experimental results with numerical simulations and an analytical analysis, which show that local separator deformation creates "hot spots" of locally high electrochemical activity that can cause local plating. While this work uses separator deformation as a model mechanical defect, the results are generally applicable to any defect that results in non-uniform ionic currents. Our results demonstrate the essential role of nonuniformities in causing failure in a seemingly well-functioning and welldesigned battery cell, suggesting a new paradigm in which batteries are designed to be resistant to failure in the presence of an assumed pre-existing defect.There are many known lithium-ion cell defects in addition to separator deformation that can result in spatially non-uniform internal operation.6 Some examples of defects in lithium-ion cells include local electrolyte drying, 7 current collector delamination, 7 electrode/separator interface separation, 8 copper plating f...

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Advances and Developments in Batteries and Charging Technologies

Chikkannanavar¹,

Kwak²

2022

Transportation Electrification

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In situ detection of lithium metal plating on graphite in experimental cells

Cited by 314 publications

References 23 publications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

The Effects of Defects on Localized Plating in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Advances and Developments in Batteries and Charging Technologies

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