In-situ density estimation by four nondestructive techniques on Norway spruce from built-in wood structures

Llana, Daniel F.; Íñiguez-González, Guillermo; Lecumberri, Joaquín Montón; Martitegui, Francisco Arriaga

doi:10.1515/hf-2018-0027

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Nondestructive testing can be divided in global techniques (ultrasound waves, stress waves, and resonance) and local techniques (probing, coring, and drilling). The former techniques are mainly focused on estimation of static modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bending strength (f m , formerly referred to as MOR) (Jayne 1959; Auty and Achim 2008;Íñiguez-González et al 2019), and the latter on estimation of density (Llana et al 2018;Fundova et al 2019;Martínez et al 2020). It is also common to combine different non-destructive techniques for better estimation results (Divós and Tanaka 1997;Vössing and Niederleithinger 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of non-destructive test methods on Irish hardwood standing trees and small-diameter round timber for prediction of mechanical properties

Llana

Short

Harte

2020

Annals of Forest Science

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& Key message Mechanical properties of small-diameter round timber from hardwood thinnings of common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), European birch (Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh.), and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) can be evaluated by non-destructive testing on either standing trees or green logs without wood density determination. Velocity differences between acoustic and resonance methods are influenced by tree species and age. Tree diameter improves the estimation of bending strength but not of stiffness. & Context There is a need for a reliable, fast, and inexpensive evaluation method to better sort hardwood thinnings according to mechanical properties for use in potential added-value applications. & Aims The estimation by non-destructive testing of mechanical properties of round small-diameter timber of four hardwood species (common alder, European ash, European birch, and sycamore). & Methods Acoustic velocity was measured in 38 standing trees and resonance velocity was recorded in green logs from these trees. The logs were then dried and tested in bending. Estimation models to predict mechanical properties from non-destructive testing measurements were developed. & Results Large differences between velocities from acoustic and resonance techniques were found. Models based on both nondestructive testing velocities together with a species factor are well correlated with bending modulus of elasticity while models including tree diameter are moderately well correlated with bending strength. Inclusion of density in the models does not improve the estimation. & Conclusion Models based on acoustic measurements on standing trees or resonance on green logs together with tree species and diameter provide reliable estimates of mechanical properties of round timber from hardwood thinnings. This methodology can be easily used for pre-sorting material in the forest.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of non-destructive test methods on Irish hardwood standing trees and small-diameter round timber for prediction of mechanical properties

Llana

Short

Harte

2020

Annals of Forest Science

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“…The latter two categories are procedures that determine the properties of the wood without causing major damage to the material. The probing method is a nondestructive approach that is used to estimate wood density (González et al 2015;Ross 2015;Llana et al 2018a;Schimleck et al 2019;Martínez et al 2020), which is an important characteristic for determining the quality of wood and especially for defining wood strength. According to Carballo et al (2009), the most frequent probing method used to estimate wood density is needle penetration resistance, which is commonly performed with a Pilodyn instrument (Proceq, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland); indeed, this has become a common probing technique in several countries (Schimleck et al 2019;Llana et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Total pin penetration depth also depends on surface hardness and wood density. Variability in the correlation between the penetration depth and the wood density is ascertained on the basis of wood species as well as the total number of measurements with a negative value; this variation typically has correlation coefficients ranging from 0.40 to 0.92 (Görlacher 1987;Hansen 2000;Teder et al 2011;Gonzalez et al 2015;Gao et al 2017;Llana et al 2018a;Rohanová 2020). Greater penetration depth indicates lower wood density.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of a pin-penetration wood density meter to determine the density of 25 Indonesian species

Karlinasari

Fredisa

Adzkia

et al. 2021

BioRes

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The pin-penetration device is a minimally destructive instrument that is widely used to estimate the physical properties of wood, e.g., density, with advantages such as reduced testing times, low costs, and fewer defects induced in the wood being tested. In this study, such a device was used on 25 Indonesian hardwood species with a strength class (SC) distribution from SC II to IV (according to the Indonesian classification of wood SCs). Tests were conducted on three different orthogonal planes, i.e., cross-sectional, radial, and tangential planes. The wood density ranged from 0.28 to 0.88 g/cm3, and the specific gravity was 0.25 to 0.76. The cross-sectional plane penetration depth of the wood was significantly greater than that of either the radial or tangential plane, whereas the pin penetration values of the radial and tangential planes were not significantly different. A prediction model for predicting the density and specific gravity of wood via pin penetration showed a significant regression. Thus, the use of a pin-penetration device was found to be suitable for estimating wood density and specific gravity in a range of SCs of tropical wood species regardless of species.

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“…This technique has been widely used on standing trees to determine differences in physical and mechanical properties as density or moisture content (MC) with good results [43][44][45]. The r 2 of this technique achieves values upper to 80% [2,39] and in some assessment of softwood timber structures an r 2 of 89% was reported [46,47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Density Determination by Drilling Chips Extraction in Ten Softwood and Hardwood Species

Martínez¹,

Balmori²,

Llana

et al. 2020

Forests

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Research Highlights: The novelty of this study is the development of an accurate wood density estimation method based on a relatively brand new semi-destructive testing technique (drilling chips extraction). This method is especially crucial in the assessment of existing timber structures. Background and Objectives: Probing, drilling, and coring are non-destructive and semi-destructive techniques commonly used for timber density estimation in existing timber structures. Most of these techniques show poor or medium accuracy or are so expensive or destructive. This paper aims to obtain accurate estimation models for wood density in existing structures using the easy to use drilling chips extraction technique. Materials and Methods: 300 specimens (95 × 65 × 200 mm3) from ten softwood and hardwood species covering a wide range of density (from 350 to 980 kg·m−3) were tested after conditioning. The Wood Extractor device based on the drilling chips extraction technique was used in the radial and the tangential direction. Mass of the chips collected (drilling residue) from each drill was recorded. Results: Density obtained from drilling residue was not statistically significantly different between radial and tangential directions avoiding take into account direction when measuring. The density obtained in the whole specimens is slightly higher than the density obtained by drilling residue being this difference uniformly through the range of densities studied. Two different estimation models were presented with high determination coefficients (96% and 97%) and low standard errors. These results were similar to those obtained by other authors using core drilling but causing less damage. Conclusions: Drilling chips extractor is a simple, reliable and inexpensive method to estimate density in existing structures with accuracy.

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In-situ density estimation by four nondestructive techniques on Norway spruce from built-in wood structures

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Use of non-destructive test methods on Irish hardwood standing trees and small-diameter round timber for prediction of mechanical properties

Use of non-destructive test methods on Irish hardwood standing trees and small-diameter round timber for prediction of mechanical properties

Use of a pin-penetration wood density meter to determine the density of 25 Indonesian species

Wood Density Determination by Drilling Chips Extraction in Ten Softwood and Hardwood Species

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