In Situ Activation of the Receptor Aggregation for Cell Apoptosis by an AI–Au Intelligent Nanomachine via Tumor Extracellular Acidity

Abstract

Polyvalent ligand-induced cell receptor aggregation is closely related to cell behavior regulation. At present, most of the means to induce receptor aggregation rely on external stimuli such as light, heat, and magnetic fields, which may cause side effects to normal cells. How to achieve receptor aggregation on the cancer cell surface to achieve cell apoptosis selectively is still a challenge. Therefore, by taking advantage of the unique property of cancer cells' slightly acidic microenvironment, an easy-to-use apoptosis-inducing mode for the in situ activation of cell surface nucleolin clustering has been developed, which not only opened a new channel for nucleolin receptor aggregation to regulate cell function and further development but also avoided damage to normal cells, providing a new strategy for tumor treatment. Dual functional ssDNA (AS1411 aptamer and pH-responsive I-strand sequence) was modified on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to fabricate AI−Au intelligent nanomachines. Then, the specific binding on cancer cells and aggregation of the nucleolin receptors can be achieved via the formation of an i-Motif structure among adjacent AuNPs under the acidic microenvironment. The result showed that AI−Au nanomachines mediated nucleolin cross-linking on the cell surface, resulting in a cytotoxic effect of approximately 60%. Experiments such as calcein-AM/PI staining, nuclear dye staining, and flow cytometry demonstrated that cell apoptosis became more evident with the increase of acidity under the cell surface microenvironment. Immunofluorescence imaging further confirmed the Cyt-c/caspase-3 apoptosis pathway induced by AI−Au nanomachines. The proposed strategy used for specific cancer cell apoptosis by the in situ activation of tumor cell membrane receptor aggregation is inexpensive and simple to use, which not only provides a new means of nucleolin receptor aggregation for regulating cell function but also offers a new strategy for tumor treatment with reduced side effect to normal cells. This work is significant for comprehending the ligand-induced receptor aggregation process and can lead to the development of a promising anticancer drug.

DNA-Based Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Cancer Cell Membrane Imaging

“…Tumor tissue can be distinguished from normal tissue according to a number of physiological characteristics, including the overexpression of ATP, an acidic pH, hypoxia, a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the overexpression of enzymes. Consequently, these characteristics have become increasingly desirable as diagnostic and therapeutic targets [ 26 , 27 ].…”