In operando x-ray imaging of nanoscale devices: Composition, valence, and internal electrical fields

Johannes, Andreas; Salomon, Damien; Martı́nez-Criado, Gema; Glaser, Markus; Lugstein, Alois; Ronning, Carsten

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4044

Cited by 42 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Modern X-ray optics allow focusing below 100 nm, with recent demonstrations showing sub-10 nm focusing (Mimura et al, 2010;Dö ring et al, 2013). In the X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) technique, a photocurrent is generated by X-rays (Vyvenko et al, 2004;Villanova et al, 2012;Wallentin et al, 2014;Stuckelberger et al, 2015;Johannes et al, 2017). Spectrally resolved excitation with a tuneable X-ray energy has been used to excite specific elements (Johannes et al, 2017;Chayanun et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale mapping of carrier collection in single nanowire solar cells using X-ray beam induced current

Chayanun

Otnes

Troian

et al. 2019

J Synchrotron Radiat

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale mapping of carrier collection in single nanowire solar cells using X-ray beam induced current

Chayanun

Otnes

Troian

et al. 2019

J Synchrotron Radiat

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“…During XBIC measurements of solar cells or other devices under test (DUT) 24,25 , the incident X-ray photons set off particle showers consisting of electrons and photons, resulting in a multitude of excited electron-hole pairs per incident X-ray photon in the semiconducting absorber material. Finally, the electron-hole pairs thermalize to the band edges of the solar cell absorber.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Ossig

Nietzold

West

et al. 2019

JoVE

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X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) measurements allow mapping of the nanoscale performance of electronic devices such as solar cells. Ideally, XBIC is employed simultaneously with other techniques within a multi-modal X-ray microscopy approach. An example is given herein combining XBIC with X-ray fluorescence to enable point-by-point correlations of the electrical performance with chemical composition. For the highest signal-to-noise ratio in XBIC measurements, lock-in amplification plays a crucial role. By this approach, the X-ray beam is modulated by an optical chopper upstream of the sample. The modulated X-ray beam induced electrical signal is amplified and demodulated to the chopper frequency using a lock-in amplifier. By optimizing low-pass filter settings, modulation frequency, and amplification amplitudes, noise can efficiently be suppressed for the extraction of a clear XBIC signal. A similar setup can be used to measure the X-ray beam induced voltage (XBIV). Beyond standard XBIC/XBIV measurements, XBIC can be measured with bias light or bias voltage applied such that outdoor working conditions of solar cells can be reproduced during in-situ and operando measurements. Ultimately, the multi-modal and multi-dimensional evaluation of electronic devices at the nanoscale enables new insights into the complex dependencies between composition, structure, and performance, which is an important step towards solving the materials' paradigm.

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“…[16] Die Ga-K-Kanten-XANES-Spektren (Abbildung 3d)z eigten die Oxidation von metallischem Ga zu Ga 2 O 3 . [17] Das Mn-2p-und Mn-3p-XPS-Spektrum wich nach der OER kaum von dem ursprünglich hergestellten MnGa 4 ab,w as auf einen Oxidationszustand von Mn IV an der Oberfläche hindeutet (Abbildung 3b;A bbildungen S42 und S43). [18,19] [26] Daher wird erwartet, dass a-Mn 3 O 4 unter OER-Bedingungen zuerst gebildet und dann über den b-MnOOH-Zwischenschritt langsam in thermodynamisch stabiles d-MnO 2 umgewandelt wird (Schema S1).…”

Section: Angewandte Chemieunclassified

Steigerung der Wasseroxidation durch In‐situ‐Elektrokonversion eines Mangangallids: Ein intermetallischer Vorläuferansatz

et al. 2019

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Erstmals wurden, in einen intermetallischen Vorläuferansatz, durch In‐situ‐Elektrokonversion von Mangangallid (MnGa4) hochleistungsfähige und langzeitstabile MnOx‐basierte Elektrokatalysatoren für die Wasseroxidation in alkalischem Medium hergestellt. Überraschend führt seine Elektrokorrosion, unter gleichzeitigem Verlust von Ga, gleichzeitig zu drei kristallinen Typen von MnOx‐Mineralien mit verschiedenen Strukturen und induzierten Defekten: Birnessit δ‐MnO2, Feitknechtit β‐MnOOH und Hausmannit α‐Mn3O4. Das Vorkommen und die intrinsische Stabilität von aktiven MnIII/MnIV‐Zentren in den drei gebildeten MnOx‐Phasen erklärt die hervorragende Effizienz und Stabilität des Systems für die elektrokatalytische Wasseroxidation. Nach der elektrophoretischen Abscheidung des MnGa4‐Vorläufers auf elektrisch leitfähigem Nickelschaum wurde ein niedriges Überpotential von 291 mV bei der Stromdichte von 10 mA cm−2 erreicht, das praktisch den Überpotentialen von edelmetallbasierten Katalysatoren entspricht und für mehr als fünf Tage beständig ist.

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In operando x-ray imaging of nanoscale devices: Composition, valence, and internal electrical fields

Abstract: Unrivaled XANES imaging resolution of <100 nm, XANES and XBIC conclusively identify the active area of a nanowire device.

Cited by 42 publications

References 42 publications

Nanoscale mapping of carrier collection in single nanowire solar cells using X-ray beam induced current

Nanoscale mapping of carrier collection in single nanowire solar cells using X-ray beam induced current

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Steigerung der Wasseroxidation durch In‐situ‐Elektrokonversion eines Mangangallids: Ein intermetallischer Vorläuferansatz

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