In-line fiber etalon (ILFE) fiber-optic strain sensors

Sirkis, James S.; Berkoff, Timothy A.; Jones, R. T.; Singh, Harmeet; Kersey, Alan D.; Friebele, E. J.; Putnam, Martin A.

doi:10.1109/50.400690

Cited by 103 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Cleaved fiber ends separated by air gaps can serve as reflectors for intrinsic FP cavity [35,135,138]. The cavity size is limited by the coupling efficiency thus reduce the flexibility in fabrication and multiplexing.…”

Section: Perot Interferometric (Efpi) Sensors and Intrinsic Fabry-permentioning

confidence: 99%

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Miniature fiber-optic multicavity Fabry–Perot interferometric biosensor

et al. 2005

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(ABSTRACT)Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometric (FFPI) sensors have been widely used due to their high sensitivity, ease of fabrication, miniature size, and capability for multiplexing. However, direct measurement of self-assembled thin films, receptor immobilization process or biological reaction is limited in the FFPI technique due to the difficulty of forming Fabry-Perot cavities by the thin film itself. Novel methods are needed to provide an accurate and reliable measurement for monitoring the thin-film growth in the nanometer range and under various conditions. In this work, two types of fiber-optic multicavity Fabry-Perot interferometric (MFPI) sensors with built-in temperature compensation were designed and fabricated for thin-film measurement, with applications in chemical and biological sensing. Both the tubing-based MFPI sensor and microgap MFPI sensor provide simple, yet high performance solutions for thin-film sensing. The temperature dependence of the sensing cavity is compensated by extracting the temperature information from a second multiplexed cavity. This provides the opportunity to examine the thin-film characteristics under different environment temperatures.To demonstrate the potential of this structure for practical applications, immunosensors were fabricated and tested using these structures. Self-assembled polyelectrolytes served as a precursor film for immobilization of antibodies to ensure they retain their biological activity. This not only provides a convenient method for protein immobilization but also presents the possibility of increasing the binding capacity

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Section: Perot Interferometric (Efpi) Sensors and Intrinsic Fabry-permentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in between two sections of fiber [138,141,146]. This hybrid sensor combines the advantages of intrinsic and extrinsic FP sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniature fiber-optic multicavity Fabry–Perot interferometric biosensor

et al. 2005

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“…In recent years, fiber in-line interferometric sensors have been developed rapidly in strain measurement because of their compactness, high sensitivity, ease of construction, and convenient operation. Various types of fiber in-line interferometric strainsensor configurations have been demonstrated, such as Fabry-Perot interferometers based on hollow tubes [1], femtosecond (fs) laser machined open-air cavities [2], hollow-core photonic-crystal fibers (PCFs) [3,4] or spheroidal cavities [5], and Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) based on PCFs [6], fiber taper [7], or lateralshifted fiber splicing [8]. However, the abovementioned fiber interferometers need to use high-cost fibers, have critical requirements on interferometer specifications, or exhibit a large device dimension.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfiber in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer for strain sensing

2013

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An elegant way of achieving an ultracompact optical fiber in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer is to create an inner air cavity in a section of microfiber. The sandwich structure splits the light propagating in the fiber into two beams: one passes through the inner air cavity and the other travels along the silica wall of the cavity before recombining at the cavity end, resulting in an interference fringe pattern. Such a device is applied for strain measurement with a high sensitivity of 6.8 pm∕με. In this Letter, an ultracompact microfiber in-line MZI based on an inner air cavity is fabricated by combining fs laser micromachining and fusion splicing techniques. Such a device can be operated as a high-sensitivity strain-sensor with advantages of ultracompact size, low cost, and easy fabrication.During the device fabrication process, fs laser pulses (120 fs∕1 kHz∕800 nm) were focused onto the fiber by an objective lens with an NA value of 0.5. A standard single-mode fiber-28 (SMF-28) (from Corning) was mounted on a computer-controlled X-Y -Z translation stage with a 40 nm resolution. The following steps were taken in the fabrication process:(a) A microhole of a few micrometers in diameter at the center of the cleaved fiber end facet was ablated by an fs laser with on-target power of ∼5 mW, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The size of the microhole determined the size and shape of the hollow sphere to be formed.(b) The fiber tip with the microhole structure was spliced together with another cleaved SMF tip by use of a fusion splicer with a fusing current of ∼16.3 mA and a fusing duration of ∼2.0 s. The two splicing parameters also play an important role in determining the size and the shape of the hollow sphere and hence the air cavity in the microfiber to be formed subsequently.(c) Since the air in the hole was suddenly heated, the hole rapidly expanded to an elliptical hollow sphere with a rather smooth surface. Its microscope side view and scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) image of a cross-section view are displayed in Figs. 1(b) and 1(c), respectively.(d) The SMF with a hollow sphere was mounted between two translation stages and drawn into microfiber by use of a flame-brushing technique. By appropriate control of the moving speed of the flame and the holders, microfiber of different diameters could be produced, with an inner air cavity along the fiber length. The transmission spectrum was monitored during the tapering process by use of a broadband light source and an optical spectrum analyzer.Figure 1(d) displays the microscope image of the microfiber with an inner air cavity that essentially forms a microfiber in-line MZI. In the tapered section, the input light beam is split into two portions denoted by I 1 and I 2 , respectively. While I 1 travels along the silica cavity wall, I 2 propagates via the inner air cavity, and the

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“…sensors have been widely used in temperature, pressure and chemical measurements [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. This kind of sensors possess a series of characteristics such as compactness, lightweight, and generally immunity to electromagnetic interference ( EMI) [1].…”

Section: Application Of Fabry-perot Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microgap Structured Optical Sensor for Fast Label-Free DNA Detection

Wang

Cooper

Wang

2008

J. Lightwave Technol.

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DNA detection technology has developed rapidly due to its extensive application in clinical diagnostics, bioengineering, environmental monitoring, and food science areas.Currently developed methods such as surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) methods, fluorescent dye labeled methods and electrochemical methods, usually have the problems of bulky size, high equipment cost and time-consuming algorithms, so limiting their application for in vivo detection. In this work, an intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (IFPI) based DNA sensor is presented with the intrinsic advantages of small size, low cost and corrosion-tolerance. This sensor has experimentally demonstrated its high sensitivity and selectivity.In theory, DNA detection is realized by interrogating the sensor's optical cavity length variation resulting from hybridization event. First, a microgap structure based IFPI sensor is fabricated with simple etching and splicing technology. Subsequently, considering the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA, layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly technique is adopted to attach the single strand capture DNA to the sensor endface. When the target DNA strand binds to the single-stranded DNA successfully, the optical cavity length of sensor will be increased. Finally, by demodulating the sensor spectrum, DNA hybridization event can be judged qualitatively.This sensor can realize DNA detection without attached label, which save the experiment expense and time. Also the hybridization detection is finished within a few minutes.This quick response feature makes it more attractive in diagnose application. Since the iii sensitivity and specificity are the most widely used statistics to describe a diagnostic test, so these characteristics are used to evaluate this biosensor. Experimental results demonstrate that this sensor has a sensitivity of 6nmol/ml and can identify a 2 bp mismatch. Since this sensor is optical fiber based, it has robust structure and small size ( 125μm ). If extra etching process is applied to the sensor, the size can be further reduced. This promises the sensor potential application of in-cell detection. Further investigation can be focused on the nanofabrication of this DNA sensor, and this is very meaningful topic not only for diagnostic test but also in many other applications such as food industry, environment monitoring.iv Acknowledgement

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In-line fiber etalon (ILFE) fiber-optic strain sensors

Cited by 103 publications

References 10 publications

Miniature fiber-optic multicavity Fabry–Perot interferometric biosensor

Miniature fiber-optic multicavity Fabry–Perot interferometric biosensor

Microfiber in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer for strain sensing

Microgap Structured Optical Sensor for Fast Label-Free DNA Detection

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