In-Ear SpO2: A Tool for Wearable, Unobtrusive Monitoring of Core Blood Oxygen Saturation

Davies, Harry J.; Williams, Ian; Peters, Nicholas S.; Mandic, Danilo P.

doi:10.3390/s20174879

Cited by 72 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The ear canal is a very interesting location for recording physiological parameters during sleep. Indeed, reflective PPG can also be obtained accurately from this location and it avoids the difficulties of capturing SpO2 at the finger, ear lobe, or wrist in case of motion or compromised peripheral perfusion [ 63 , 64 ]. Future research should investigate in-ear combined EEG and PPG in normal and pathologic sleep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoplethysmography in Normal and Pathological Sleep

Vulcan

André

Bruyneel

2021

Sensors

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This article presents an overview of the advancements that have been made in the use of photoplethysmography (PPG) for unobtrusive sleep studies. PPG is included in the quickly evolving and very popular landscape of wearables but has specific interesting properties, particularly the ability to capture the modulation of the autonomic nervous system during sleep. Recent advances have been made in PPG signal acquisition and processing, including coupling it with accelerometry in order to construct hypnograms in normal and pathologic sleep and also to detect sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The limitations of PPG (e.g., oxymetry signal failure, motion artefacts, signal processing) are reviewed as well as technical solutions to overcome these issues. The potential medical applications of PPG are numerous, including home-based detection of SDB (for triage purposes), and long-term monitoring of insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders (to assess treatment effects), and treated SDB (to ensure disease control). New contact sensor combinations to improve future wearables seem promising, particularly tools that allow for the assessment of brain activity. In this way, in-ear EEG combined with PPG and actigraphy could be an interesting focus for future research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoplethysmography in Normal and Pathological Sleep

Vulcan

André

Bruyneel

2021

Sensors

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“…However, it is known from the literature that the time in which a change of inhaled air is re ected in blood oxygen readings lies within several seconds up to a minute (e.g. [31]. Hence, if there is no evidence for any impact of the masks after wearing them for 15 minutes, there is little reason to believe that this drastically changes after several hours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tiny Impact of Respiratory Masks - on Physiological, Subjective and Behavioral Measures under Mental Load

Spang¹,

Pieper²

2020

Preprint

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Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks is recommended to prevent droplets from traveling from one person to another. A commandment to wear masks applies in most public places to contain the widespread of the virus. Some public debates concern myths regarding risks caused by wearing a mask, like, e.g., decreased blood oxygen levels and impaired cognitive capabilities. The present, pre-registered study aims to contribute clarity by delivering a direct comparison of wearing an FFP2 (N95) respirator and wearing no mask. We focused on a demanding situation to show that cognitive efficacy and the person's state is equivalent in both conditions of a randomized-controlled cross-over study design. We measured physiological (blood oxygen saturation and heart rate variability), behavioral (parameters of performance in the task), and subjective (perceived mental load) data to substantiate our assumption as broad as possible. We analyzed data from 44 participants regarding both statistical equivalence and differences. All of the investigated dimensions showed statistical equivalence given our pre-registered equivalence boundaries. None of the dimensions showed a significant difference between wearing a mask and not wearing a mask.

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“…LED & photodiode Wrist (Braun et al, 2020) Forehead (Beppler et al, 2018) Ear (Davies et al, 2020) IPG Dry electrode Wrist (Schneider et al, 2018) Pulse pressure Pressure sensor Wrist (Meng et al, 2020) Respiration Body movement Strain gauge, accelerometer, magnetometer Chest (Klum et al, 2020), (Ding et al, 2018), (Ramírez et al, 2019), (Di Rienzo et al, 2018), (Milici et al, 2018) Head (Arnal et al, 2019) Air flow Humidity sensor Nose (Jin et al, 2017) Lung sound Stethoscope Chest (Klum et al, 2020) Movement EMG Dry electrode Leg (Jortberg et al, 2018) Actigraphy Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer Wrist (Liao et al, 2020), (Kwasnicki et al, 2018) Leg (Bobovych et al, 2020) Chest (Ilen et al, 2019), (Kwasnicki et al, 2018) Body position Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer Wrist (Kwasnicki et al, 2018) Chest (Yun et al, 2020), (Kwasnicki et al, 2018) Nose (Manoni et al, 2020) Others EDA Dry electrode Wrist (Romine et al, 2019), (Kim et al, 2021) Finger (Lam and Szypula, 2018) Tongue deformation Ultrasonic transducer Chin (Weng et al, 2017) Body temperature Thermometer Chest, wrist (Di Rienzo et al, 2018), (Liao et al, 2020) Snoring sound Microphone Forehead (Levendowski et al, 2017) ll OPEN…”

Section: Spo2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… (F) Plot summarizing resting SpO2 data from both devices with multiple subjects to validate the device accuracy. Reproduced with permission, from ref ( Davies et al., 2020 ), Copyright 2020, MDPI. …”

Section: Recent Progress Of Wearable Sensors and Portable Electronics For Sleep Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances in wearable sensors and portable electronics for sleep monitoring

2021

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Despite the increasing awareness of the importance of sleep, the number of people suffering from insufficient sleep has increased every year. The gold-standard sleep assessment uses polysomnography (PSG) with various sensors to identify sleep patterns and disorders. However, due to the high cost of PSG and limited availability, many people with sleep disorders are left undiagnosed. Recent wearable sensors and electronics enable portable, continuous monitoring of sleep at home, overcoming the limitations of PSG. This report reviews the advances in wearable sensors, miniaturized electronics, and system packaging for home sleep monitoring. New devices available in the market and systems are collectively summarized based on their overall structure, form factor, materials, and sleep assessment method. It is expected that this review provides a comprehensive view of newly developed technologies and broad insights on wearable sensors and portable electronics toward advanced sleep monitoring as well as at-home sleep assessment. INTRODUCTIONWe spend almost one-third of our lifetime asleep. Sleep is an integral aspect of our life to sustain our daily activity, and the quality of sleep has a massive influence on our health, work performance, and well-being. Numerous research works have shown the association between the poor quality of sleep and many adverse effects on our health including, but not limited to, obesity, diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, mood disorders, weakened immune system, and increased mortality risk (Buysse, 2014;Hublin et al., 2007;Patel et al., 2004;Sigurdson and Ayas, 2007). As an increasing number of people recognize sleep quality as a key component of a healthy lifestyle, research and industries related to sleep health have been actively growing. In 2019, the global sleep economy was $432 billion and was expected to grow up to $585 billion by 2024 with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3% (Casper, 2020). Especially when the COVID-19 outbreak has become a global pandemic, the importance of sleep is emphasized to support people's immunity and health (Gulia and Kumar, 2020;Huang and Zhao, 2020;Sher, 2020).Despite this elevated awareness of sleep health, the number of people with insufficient sleep or sleep disorders has continuously increased. In 2015, it was reported that 18% of the United States population took less than 6 h of sleep per day. Insufficient sleep caused reduced labor productivity and increased mortality, leading to an economic loss of $411 billion, which is expected to grow up to $467 billion in 2030 (Hafner et al., 2016). Furthermore, in 2015, the American Association of Sleep Medicine (AASM) reported that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), one of the most prevalent sleep disorders, afflicted 12% of the adult population in the United States. AASM also noted that around 80% of people with OSA were undiagnosed, resulting in an economic burden of $149.6 billion due to loss in productivity and an increase in the risk of costly comorbidities (Watson, 2016). Despite their prevalen...

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In-Ear SpO2: A Tool for Wearable, Unobtrusive Monitoring of Core Blood Oxygen Saturation

Cited by 72 publications

References 26 publications

Photoplethysmography in Normal and Pathological Sleep

Photoplethysmography in Normal and Pathological Sleep

The Tiny Impact of Respiratory Masks - on Physiological, Subjective and Behavioral Measures under Mental Load

Recent advances in wearable sensors and portable electronics for sleep monitoring

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