In-depth mineralogical quantification of MSWI bottom ash phases and their association with potentially toxic elements

Alam, Qadeer; Schollbach, Katrin; Hoek, Corrie van; Laan, Sieger van der; Wolf, Tom de; Brouwers, Hjh Jos

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.031

Cited by 68 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…In general, the results showed the less volatile elements such as SiO 2 and CaO remain in the ashes due to high temperature and low volatility. Also, the presence of SiO 2 could be due to the earth's surface or anthropogenic activities due to the sand uptake of the waste or the erosion of the materials [40]. These results were in a good agreement with other available data from relatively similar studies including Zhang et al [31], Bertolini et al [37], Volokitin et al [41], Yang et al [42], Hussain et al [43], Alam et al [44], and Wongsa et al [45].…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction Analysis (Xrd)supporting

confidence: 86%

Physiochemical characterization and systematic investigation of metals extraction from fly and bottom ashes produced from municipal solid waste

et al. 2020

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Incineration has emerged as one of the acceptable ways to treat municipal solid waste (MSW) due to its potential in reducing the mass and volume of the waste. However, it produces two major by-product residues, namely MSW-bottom ash (MSW-BA) and MSW-fly ash (MSW-FA). These residues have gained great attention to their hazardous nature and potential to be reused and recycled. In this paper, the physicochemical characterizations of the MSW-BA and the MSW-FA were performed, followed by a systematic investigation of metals extraction from MSW-BA and MSW-FA. Various extracting agents were used to investigate the possibility to extract 21 metals including cadmium (Cd), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb). It was revealed that some metals were present in a high amount in the MSW-BA while other metals were higher in the MSW-FA. Moreover, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results revealed that the MSW-BA was dominated by oxygen (O) 55.4 ±0.6 wt%, silicon (Si) 22.5 ±0.3 wt%, and calcium (Ca) 18.5 ±0.2 wt%. On the other hand, the MSW-FA was enriched with Ca 45.2 ±0.5 wt%, and O 40.3 ±0.4 wt%. From the scanning electron microscopy, the MSW-BA was observed as flaky with an irregular surface that consisted of large pores, while, the MSW-FA was present as agglomerated particles and had a bimodal distribution. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that Al-Fe-OH, Al-Al-OH, Si-O, CO , and C-H were some of the major functional groups present in the ashes. The F-tests concluded that the metal extraction from the MSW-BA and MSW-FA were significantly affected by the acid type. it is concluded that nitric acid and phosphoric acid were the best-suited acid for the MSW-BA while sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid for the MSW-FA. More than 11 wt% of Cd and 9 wt% of Cu were extracted from MSW-BA while 6 wt% of Pb and 4.5 wt% of V were extracted from the MSW-FA. The present methodology is an interesting development in metal extraction from the MSW-BA and the MSW-FA, which can develop in a cost-effective and sustainable option to utilize MSW.

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Section: X-ray Diffraction Analysis (Xrd)supporting

confidence: 86%

Physiochemical characterization and systematic investigation of metals extraction from fly and bottom ashes produced from municipal solid waste

et al. 2020

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“…Calcite is indeed one of the most common phases found on incinerator bottom ash, but further work is needed to assess the specific contributions of waste-treatment process including the removal and disposal of ash. The incinerator plant could also be responsible for the presence of airborne quartz PM, as SiO 2 is often abundant in bottom ash (Alam et al, 2019;Tang et al, 2020). In the studied samples, quartz was typically more abundant than feldspar, although both are prevalent in sedimentary lithic rocks, particularly in silts and sands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Disentangling multiple PM emission sources in the Po Valley (Italy) using honey bees

Capitani

Papa

Pellecchia³

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of airborne chemical compounds commonly classified by their aerodynamic diameter. Although PM toxicity strongly depends on the morphology, chemical composition, and dimensions of particles, exposure limits set by environmental organisations only refer to the mean mass concentration of PM sampled daily or annually by monitoring stations. In this study, we used honey bees as sensors of airborne PM 10 and PM 2.5 in a highly polluted area of the Po Valley, northern Italy. Honey bees are an efficient sampler of airborne PM because, during flight and foraging activities, their pubescence promotes the accumulation of electrical charge on the body surface owing to air resistance, thus enhancing airborne PM attraction. Particles attached to the body of bees are readily accessible for physico-chemical characterisation using a scanning electron microscope coupled with X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Our results demonstrate that residents in the study area are intermittently but chronically exposed to a well-defined spectrum of metal-bearing particles and mineral phases known to induce specific health outcomes. The morphology, size, and chemical composition of PM 10 and PM 2.5 detected on bees in the monitoring area were indicative of traffic, agricultural operations, and high-temperature combustion processes. The contribution of the A1 Milano-Bologna highway, local wheat and alfalfa cultivation, and the Parma incineration plant were clearly distinguishable. Our data also demonstrated that PM exposure levels may vary sharply throughout the year based on recurrent local activities.

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“…In order to get representative data set several SI fields were measured and their total area was 30.2 (2-4 mm), 16.7 (1-2 mm), 17.8 (0.5-1mm), and 9.7 mm 2 (0.25-0.5 mm). The SI image sets were analyzed and stitched together using PhAse Recognition and Characterization (PARC) software developed by Tata steel (6) (35). PARC groups SI data points according to their composition determined with EDX and generates a phase map, phase amounts in area%, as well as the average composition of these phases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SI image sets were analyzed and stitched together using PhAse Recognition and Characterization (PARC) software developed by Tata steel. 6,35 PARC groups SI data points according to their composition determined with EDX and generates a phase map, phase amounts in area%, as well as the average composition of these phases. The chemical composition given here is the average of all SI fields analyzed, the error is the standard deviation between fields.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mineralogy of air granulated converter slag

Schollbach

Ahmed

Laan

2020

Int J Ceramic Engine & Sci

Self Cite

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Converter slag, also known as Basic Oxygen Furnace slag, is a by-product of steelmaking that is produced in large quantities worldwide. It currently has few applications, because the presence of free lime often prevents the use as aggregate, while the low reactivity makes it undesirable as a cement replacement. Air granulation is a promising way to increase the reactivity of converter slag and enable recycling as a cement replacement and this is the first in-depth characterization of air granulated steel slag. In this study converter slag was separated into different fractions (0.25-0.5 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm) after air granulation to study the influence of size and therefore cooling speed on its mineralogy. The air granulated slag fractions were characterized using X-ray fluorescence, quantitative X-Ray diffraction, large area phase mapping based on scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as leaching behavior. The results show that the main minerals in air granulated converter slag are the same as in industrially cooled slag, but that additional perovskite was formed, which has not been reported before. All fractions contained large phenocrysts of Ca2SiO4 and Mg-wuestite surrounded by a dense matrix containing the other minerals. The three largest fractions are very similar to each other in chemical composition and microstructure, while the smallest fraction (0.25-0.5 mm) contains a higher content of Mg-wuestite even though the starting composition was the same. Free-lime is only present at the detection limit (0.1 ± 0.1 wt%) in all size fractions. The leaching of chromium and vanadium is greatly increased compared to standard cooled converter slag This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as

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In-depth mineralogical quantification of MSWI bottom ash phases and their association with potentially toxic elements

Cited by 68 publications

References 51 publications

Physiochemical characterization and systematic investigation of metals extraction from fly and bottom ashes produced from municipal solid waste

Physiochemical characterization and systematic investigation of metals extraction from fly and bottom ashes produced from municipal solid waste

Disentangling multiple PM emission sources in the Po Valley (Italy) using honey bees

The mineralogy of air granulated converter slag

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