Converter slag, also known as Basic Oxygen Furnace slag, is a by-product of steelmaking that is produced in large quantities worldwide. It currently has few applications, because the presence of free lime often prevents the use as aggregate, while the low reactivity makes it undesirable as a cement replacement. Air granulation is a promising way to increase the reactivity of converter slag and enable recycling as a cement replacement and this is the first in-depth characterization of air granulated steel slag. In this study converter slag was separated into different fractions (0.25-0.5 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm) after air granulation to study the influence of size and therefore cooling speed on its mineralogy. The air granulated slag fractions were characterized using X-ray fluorescence, quantitative X-Ray diffraction, large area phase mapping based on scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as leaching behavior. The results show that the main minerals in air granulated converter slag are the same as in industrially cooled slag, but that additional perovskite was formed, which has not been reported before. All fractions contained large phenocrysts of Ca2SiO4 and Mg-wuestite surrounded by a dense matrix containing the other minerals. The three largest fractions are very similar to each other in chemical composition and microstructure, while the smallest fraction (0.25-0.5 mm) contains a higher content of Mg-wuestite even though the starting composition was the same. Free-lime is only present at the detection limit (0.1 ± 0.1 wt%) in all size fractions. The leaching of chromium and vanadium is greatly increased compared to standard cooled converter slag This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as

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To compare of functional outcomes in terms of post-operative mobility for unipolar versus bipolar un-cemented hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial.

Objectives: To compare of functional outcomes in terms of post-operativemobility for unipolar versus bipolar un-cemented hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients withdisplaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial.Setting: Department of Orthopedics Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: April 2015to October 2016. Methodology: Sample size is (calculated by taking n6 =138, confidenceinterval 95, power of study 80, P1= 33%, P2=13%) 69 in each group. Sampling technique usedwas non probability consecutive sampling. All patients who meet the inclusion criteria presentingto orthopedic unit of Nishtar Hospital Multan with fracture neck of femur were selected for study.Patients were divided into two groups randomly by lottery method and enrolled for unipolaror bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Chi-square test was used to compare outcome variable in bothgroups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Effect modifiers like age andsex was controlled by stratification. Chi square test was applied to see significant difference.Results: Overall, there were 100% (n=138) patients in this study, both genders. The mean ageof the patients was 66.35±4.29 years. (Range: 60 to 80years)Mean age and SD of group A (nowalking aid) was 54.52 ± 3.10 and in group B (walking aid) 54.99 ± 3.19. Time up go score wasnoted as successful 33.3% (n=46) and 66.7% (n=92) as unsuccessful. Walking aid was notedin 65.2% (n=90) patients. Functional outcome was noted as good in 26.8% (n=37) patientsand noted as bad in 73.2% (n=101) patients. Out of 100% (n=38) patients, good outcomewas 26.3% (n=10) unipolar and 73.7% (n=28) bipolar. Out of 100% (n=100) Bad outcomewas 59% unipolar and bipolar 41%. Conclusion: Functional outcome in term of mobility isbetter in case of bipolar prosthesis as compared to unipolar. Thus in our conclusion bipolarprosthesis is preferred procedure as compared to unipolar hemiarthroplasty in treating patientswith displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture.