In defence ofandragogy. Part 2: an educational process consistent with modern nursing's aims

Beginnings of the History and Philosophy of Andragogy 1833-2000

“…She insisted that in order to succeed, we must unlearn our teacher-reliance. Milligan (1997) continued to support his original investigation of andragogy (1995) in which he conceptualized his summary of it as the facilitation of adult learning that can best be achieved through a student centered approach. Rostad (1998) outlined the library of the Nordic Folk Academy as a meeting place and an information center specialized in non-formal adult education, adult learning and andragogy.…”

E-learning: Is This Teaching at Students or Teaching With Students?

“…Nurses are required by statute to be prepared for practice and has this been achieved through e‐learning by increasing the use of computer technology and completing online assessment (Nursing and Midwifery Council [NMC], 2004). Developing a learner who has been educated to conform to guidelines and policies could be seen as an attribute to the nurse of today (Milligan, 1997). Nursing is not solely ticking boxes and following policies.…”

“…Nurses therefore have to be adaptable critical thinkers who can assess a situation or individual and respond to them as an individual to provide specific care (Norman et al., 2002; Scottish Executive, 2004). The theories of andragogical teaching promote thinking based on negotiation, respect, creation, responsibility, knowledge, and participation (Milligan, 1997, 1995). Would these skills not better prepare individuals for the challenges that lie ahead in the profession of nursing?…”

“…To enhance the teaching and learning of nursing students, the use of socialization and narrative are seen as necessary skills of the lecturer (Kenny, Pontin, & Moore, 2004). Important teaching techniques like using narrative to highlight an important point or contextualize a situation does not transfer well to the medium of e‐learning (Milligan, 1997). To try and develop discussion using narrative “carefully scripted scenarios” are regularly used in e‐learning (Fox & MacKeogh, 2003).…”

Learning to be a family caregiver for severely debilitated stroke survivors during the first year in Taiwan

“…safe, trusting and respectful environment. Recently, though andragogy has been debated regarding the flaws of assumptions and insufficient research support (DeYoung, 2003;Kerka, 2002;Milligan, 1997), the three determinants are useful teaching-learning principles for health care providers when providing education to adult learners. Unfortunately, those learning theories were not applied in the Taiwanese education studies.…”