We present the results of ab initio calculations of several intrinsic and oxygen-containing defects in CaF 2 including an F center, a substitutional O − ion, an O 2−-vacancy dipole, and F A (O 2−) and F + 2A (O 2−) centers. The calculations have been performed using a hybrid density functional and an embedded cluster method. The calculated optical absorption (OA) spectra and magnetic properties are in a very good agreement with available experimental data. It is suggested that isolated substitutional O − ions induce an OA band in the vacuum ultraviolet region at about 7 eV. The nature of the OA bands associated with O 2−-vacancy dipoles and other, more complex, defects is clarified and corresponding luminescence mechanisms are discussed.