"Impulsive" and "Neurotic" Inmates: A Study in Personality and Perception

Berg, Paul S. D.; Toch, Hans

doi:10.2307/1140751

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Assuming the accuracy hypothesis to be unverified, how is the linear age effect to be explained? Previous research suggests that the binocular rivalry technique is a direct measure of aggressiveness (Berg & Toch, 1964;Shelley & Toch, 1962). Assuming this knowledge to be true, we may conclude in the present study that as persons age they display more aggression or perceive the world as a more hostile place.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…using the same slides; they concluded that the tendency to perceive violence in the stereoscope was diagnostic of a tendency to behave in a troublesome manner. Berg and Toch (1964) showed prison inmates pictures including drives other than aggression (oral and sexual); each pair of stereoscope slides contained a "blatant" and a "socialized" form of drive expression. They confirmed Shelley and Toch's use of the stereoscope as a diagnostic indicator of impulsive behavior and were also able to discriminate between inmates classified by means of other psychodiagnostic measures as either "impulsive" 01 "neurotic.…”

Section: Michigan State Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aggression themes in a binocular rivalry situation.

Moore¹

1966

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Michigan State Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggression themes in a binocular rivalry situation.

Moore¹

1966

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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“…These clinical researchers suggested that perception protects healthy individuals from seeing threatening information that might otherwise lead to problems. For instance, researchers claimed healthy people inhibited perceptual recognition of offensive information, like images of unclothed women (Berg & Toch, ) or taboo words such as penis and whore (McGinnies, ). Critics countered these conclusions claiming that perceivers may have been too embarrassed, hesitant, or uncertain to report that they saw these salacious scenes and words (Luchins, ).…”

Section: A New Look At Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Seeing the Expected, the Desired, and the Feared: Influences on Perceptual Interpretation and Directed Attention

Riccio

Cole

Balcetis

2013

Social & Personality Psych

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Though people often believe their visual experiences reflect the objective state of the surrounding world, a wealth of recent evidence suggests that perceptions are systematically biased. We draw from contemporary research and supplement with real world anecdotes to suggest that two aspects of perception are subject to influence by states internal to perceivers themselves. We focus on the biases that arise from two difficult tasks faced by the visual system. First, visual information is often unclear and ambiguous; yet visual input must be categorized quickly and efficiently. Second, people can focus on only a subset of perceptual information at once, and as a result visual attention is necessarily directed at a subset of the surrounding world. We document ways in which expectations, desires, and fears help to resolve perceptual ambiguity and direct attention. Finally, we discuss the functional nature of visual biases and note potential consequences in important domains.Is it a gun? Is it a knife? Is it in your heart? Is it in your eyes? -Bruce Springsteen, "American Skin (41 Shots)" On July 22, 2005, the Metropolitan Police of Greater London were searching for suspects wanted in relation to four attempted bombings carried out the previous day. The police had leads. They found a gym membership card inside one of the bombers' bags and obtained grainy photographs of the suspects from closed-circuit cameras. From this, they guessed that the three suspects in question were of Somali, Eritrean, or Ethiopian descent, narrowed their search to the neighborhood of Tulse Hill, and set up surveillance on a suspected apartment block. The morning of the stakeout, Jean Charles de Menezes, a Brazilian electrician living on the block, left his home for work. An officer on surveillance duty compared the foreign features of Menezes' face to those seen in the photographs. Surreptitious pursuit of Menezes ensued. At the Stockwell Underground Station, Menezes took a seat on a train for his commute to work. Undercover officers tackled and shot Menezes seven times in the head at point-blank range. Menezes, a male, foreign in appearance, and coming from the same building that officers expected the suspects to reside, shared no other similarities to the terrorists and was entirely innocent.The story of this tragedy sounds like many others: Amadou Diallo, Trayvon Martin, Patrick Dorismond, Ousmane Zongo, Tim Stansbury, Sean Bell, Oscar Grant, and Ramarley Graham. These tragedies repeatedly raise questions about how people mistakenly see what seems so plainly visible to others. How was a Brazilian electrician mistaken for an African terrorist? How was Amadou Diallo's wallet misperceived as a gun? In this article, we discuss the psychological research that may suggest possible reasons they occurred.In addition to these tragic examples, we also discuss instances of more positive perceptual biases. At times, people see the world around them in a way that is more favorable than it might appear under different circumstances. When a woman looks ...

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“…Does American culture teach little boys to see violence and little girls to repress the recognition of it (Moore, 1966)? Are impulsive prison inmates more likely to see uncouth and crude images that others would inhibit (Berg & Toch, 1964)? Although the domains change, the question remains: Do people perceive the external environment according to the way it truly is or the way they wish it to be?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wishful Seeing

Dunning

Balcetis

2013

Curr Dir Psychol Sci

181

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People assume that they perceive the world as it really is. In this article, we review research that questions this assumption and instead suggests that people see what they want to see. We discuss classic and current research demonstrating wishful seeing across two perceptual tasks, showing that people categorize ambiguous visual information and represent their environments in ways that align with their desires. Further, we outline when and how wishful seeing occurs. We suggest directions for future research in light of historical trends and contemporary revisions of the study of wishful seeing.

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"Impulsive" and "Neurotic" Inmates: A Study in Personality and Perception

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Aggression themes in a binocular rivalry situation.

Aggression themes in a binocular rivalry situation.

Seeing the Expected, the Desired, and the Feared: Influences on Perceptual Interpretation and Directed Attention

Wishful Seeing

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