Impulse radar imaging system for concealed object detection

Abstract

Electromagnetic systems for imaging concealed objects at checkpoints typically employ radiation at millimetre and terahertz frequencies. These systems have been shown to be effective and provide a sufficiently high resolution image. However there are difficulties and current electromagnetic systems have limitations particularly in accurately differentiating between threat and innocuous objects based on shape, surface emissivity or reflectivity, which are indicative parameters. In addition, water has a high absorption coefficient at millimetre wavelength and terahertz frequencies, which makes it more difficult for these frequencies to image through thick damp clothing. This paper considers the potential of using ultra wideband (UWB) in the low gigahertz range. The application of this frequency band to security screening appears to be a relatively new field. The business case for implementing the UWB system has been made financially viable by the recent availability of low-cost integrated circuits operating at these frequencies. Although designed for the communication sector, these devices can perform the required UWB radar measurements as well. This paper reports the implementation of a 2 to 5 GHz bandwidth linear array scanner. The paper describes the design and fabrication of transmitter and receiver antenna arrays whose individual elements are a type of antipodal Vivaldi antenna. The antenna's frequency and angular response were simulated in CST Microwave Studio and compared with laboratory measurements.The data pre-processing methods of background subtraction and deconvolution are implemented to improve the image quality. The background subtraction method uses a reference dataset to remove antenna crosstalk and room reflections from the dataset. The deconvolution method uses a Wiener filter to "sharpen" the returned echoes which improves the resolution of the reconstructed image. The filter uses an impulse response reference dataset and a signal-to-noise parameter to determine how the frequencies contained in the echo dataset are normalised. The chosen image reconstruction algorithm is based on the back-projection method. The algorithm was implemented in MATLAB and uses a pre-calculated sensitivity matrix to increase the computation speed.The results include both 2D and 3D image datasets. The 3D datasets were obtained by scanning the dual sixteen element linear antenna array over the test object. The system has been tested on both humans and mannequin test objects. The front surface of an object placed on the human/mannequin torso is clearly visible, but its presence is also seen from a tell-tale imaging characteristic. This characteristic is caused by a reduction in the wave velocity as the electromagnetic radiation passes through the object, and manifests as an indentation in the reconstructed image that is readily identifiable. The prototype system has been shown to easily detect a 12 mm x 30 mm x70 mm plastic object concealed under clothing.*frank.podd@manchester.ac.uk

A methodology for the optimisation of a mm-wave scanner

“…The use of EM waves in the 10-30 GHz range allows better penetration of clothing (especially if damp) compared with *lara.stec@manchester.ac.uk tel: +44 (0)161 306 8945 operation above 80 GHz, while still potentially providing adequate resolution. The recent availability of low-cost integrated circuits designed for the communication sector means this option brings the cost down 17 . In one study 19 ,frequencies in the range [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] GHz range are used to monitor people on a conveyor.…”

“…These wavelengths have good resolution, since they are much shorter than the dimensions of the body/object details to be examined. However, the higher frequencies can have difficulty penetrating thick clothing 15,17 . In addition, these shorter wavelengths/higher frequencies make the material appear rougher, resulting in more scattering and less power at the receiving antenna 18 .…”