Impulse and Alternating Current Tests on Grounding Electrodes in Soil Environment

Dick, W. K.; Holliday, H.R.

doi:10.1109/tpas.1978.354460

Cited by 34 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…A review of field testing and measurement of impulse tests on grounding systems was firstly performed, to present various test set-ups and arrangements adopted in previously published works [2,8,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The study of soil behavior under impulse condition by means of field testing showed that the resistance decreased with increasing current [2,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. It was noted from these studies [2,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]…”

Section: Review Of Field Testing and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study of soil behavior under impulse condition by means of field testing showed that the resistance decreased with increasing current [2,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. It was noted from these studies [2,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] that the main concerns in the field measurements are the costs, logistics and time challenges. The guidelines were also found to be limited, due to the limited standards for field testing and measurements of grounding systems under high impulse conditions.…”

Section: Review Of Field Testing and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are a few well established methods suggested in the standards on the measurements of earth resistance of earthing systems at low voltage and low frequency currents, namely the two-point method, three point method, ratio method, staged fault tests and fall-of-potential method [1,9,10]. However, it is now well accepted that soil characteristics under high magnitude impulse currents would become 'non-linear' and different than measured at low voltage and low frequency currents [2,8,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Due to the different characteristics of earthing systems under high impulse currents than when under low voltage, low frequency currents, there is a need to assess the practical earthing systems under high impulse conditions.…”

Section: Review Of Field Testing and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal Influences on the Impulse Characteristics of Grounding Systems for Tropical Countries

et al. 2019

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One of the most important parameters of the performance of grounding systems is the soil resistivity. As generally known, the soil resistivity changes seasonally, hence the performance of grounding systems, at DC and under high impulse conditions. This paper presents the performance of grounding systems with two different configurations. Field experiments were set up to study the characteristics of the grounding systems seasonally at power frequency and under high impulse conditions. A review of field testing on practical grounding systems was also presented. It was found that the soil resistivity, RDC and impulse characteristics of grounding systems were improved over time, and the improvement was higher for electrodes that have more contact with the soils.

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Section: Review Of Field Testing and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of Field Testing and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of Field Testing and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal Influences on the Impulse Characteristics of Grounding Systems for Tropical Countries

et al. 2019

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“…For wide soil, the configuration is designed using horizontal or grid configuration. The horizontal or grid grounding impedance has a more stable value than the vertical configuration because the area of grounding space is very large [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grounding Impedance Characteristics for Two-Layer Soil of Vertical Rod Configuration with Variation of Length and Diameter

Anggoro¹,

Dharmawanwas²,

Ningrum³

et al. 2018

IJEEI

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Abstracts: Grounding impedance is an important component of electrical power systems especially for protection for human safety and the continuity of the operation of power systems. At low frequency current injection the characteristics of grounding impedance is very resistive, however at high frequency it may be capacitive or inductive depending on the frequency. In order to build a grounding system used for lightning protection, it needs a careful and accurate design. It will receive high current and high frequency around hundred kilos up to mega hertz, otherwise it is simple grounding for low frequency. This paper reports the modification of a grounding system with vertical layers configuration. This is the novel issue because the other researchers use horizontal layers configuration. In this experiment, the grounding rod is injected by using low to high frequency AC source The modification is made by filling the soil into a grounding rod (cylinder rod) and therefore it created two soil layers of grounding system, and by using three size variations of cylindrical layers of length (L) of 40, 60, and 100 cm; and three size variations of diameter (D) of 20, 30, and 40 cm. These variations will allow us to understand the characteristic of the grounding impedance at low and high frequency, where usually the composition of inner layer soil have lower resistance than the outer soil. The composition of the outer soil consist of 16.85 % clay, 66.18 % silt, 15.48 % sand, and 1.49 % gravel whereas the composition for the inner/filling soil consist of 34.98% clay, 49.55% silt, 15.35% sand, and 0.16% gravel. The value of soil permittivity and resistivity affect the value of grounding impedance at low and high frequency. In general, the results indicated that the grounding impedance at high frequency was higher than at low frequency, but the fluctuation of grounding impedance depended on the condition of inner soil, length and diameter of cylindrical rod. In this research, the grounding impedance was plotted as the function of the frequency and until now the value of this fluctuation cannot be determined accurately.

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“…The application of such electrodes for power frequency requirements is well understood. However, the high frequency and transient characteristics of earthing systems requires better understanding, as evidenced by published research [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current distribution under high frequency and transient conditions in earth electrode systems

Mousa

Griffiths

Harid

et al. 2012

2012 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application

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Vertical earth rods are frequently used in conjunction with earth electrode systems such as grids or horizontal electrodes with the aim of decreasing the earth impedance at an installation. Horizontal earth electrodes may also be enhanced with additional conductors. In this paper, the current distribution in such combined earth systems is investigated. Two specific earthing arrangements are the subject of this study; (i) a 2.4m vertical rod with horizontal electrode enhancements in a 'cross' formation and (ii) an 88m horizontal electrode with a parallel insulated interconnected conductor. Experimental studies of these systems are presented and the analysis of the measured current distribution results allowed the contribution of the additional conductors to be clarified.

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Impulse and Alternating Current Tests on Grounding Electrodes in Soil Environment

Cited by 34 publications

References 1 publication

Seasonal Influences on the Impulse Characteristics of Grounding Systems for Tropical Countries

Seasonal Influences on the Impulse Characteristics of Grounding Systems for Tropical Countries

Grounding Impedance Characteristics for Two-Layer Soil of Vertical Rod Configuration with Variation of Length and Diameter

Current distribution under high frequency and transient conditions in earth electrode systems

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