Improving the Performance of Biomass-Derived Carbons in Li-Ion Batteries by Controlling the Lithium Insertion Process

Abstract

Disordered carbons obtained from cherry stones were tested as electrodes for lithium batteries and their properties were compared with those of short multiwalled carbon nanotubes (s-MWCNT), proposed as candidates for use in these electrochemical devices. Cells were cycled (up to 100 cycles) over a wide range of rates (C/10 to 5C). Previously, their structural, textural, and morphological properties were examined by X-ray diffraction patterns, normalN2 adsorption data, and electron microscopy images (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy), respectively. All carbons exhibited irreversible capacity (IC) to an extent roughly governed by the H/O content among other variables. The best performing carbons were obtained at low calcination temperatures (500°C) . Although these conditions can increase IC, the effect can be offset by limiting the amount of Li inserted in the first charge. Moreover, this method improves capacity retention and rate capabilities. This approach allows one to obtain activated carbons with specific capacities of as high as 200mAhnormalg−1 at 5C; a high rate indeed. Their performance after as many as 100 cycles over a wide range of charge/discharge rates surpassed that of s-MWCNT and matched that of the best performing carbons reported so far.

Bean-dreg-derived carbon materials used as superior anode material for lithium-ion batteries

“…The compositions of the pyrolytic carbons were presented in [33]. The XRD patterns also show that all the samples contain amorphous carbon, which is beneficial to lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation [34].…”

Deficiencies of Chemically Reduced Graphene as Electrode in Full Li-Ion Cells

“…The first discharge curve exhibited an ill-defined pseudo-plateau that was centered around 0.8 V, which is usually assigned to the electrolyte decomposition and the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) film formation on the electrode [22]. The capacity delivered (2665 mAh g À1 ) notably exceeded the theoretical capacity of graphene (744 mAh g À1 ) and was equivalent to the stoichiometry of LiC 3 , which is typical of disordered carbon [23,24]. The most salient feature of lithium extraction in GNS was a strong polarization up to 1 V, followed by a pseudo-plateau that was centered at around 1.5 V. As a result of this polarization, the charge capacity was markedly lower than the discharge capacity, at around 1260 mAh g À1 .…”

Peanut shell derived hard carbon as ultralong cycling anodes for lithium and sodium batteries

“…In recent years, biomass waste products as the carbon sources have been attracting great attention because of their abundance, low cost, and sustainability [30][31]. The produced carbonaceous materials from bamboo [32], peat moss [33], banana peels [34], and pomelo peels [35] have been shown as the excellent electrode materials for LIB and/or NIB applications.…”