Improving the energy and nutrient supply for common marmoset monkeys fed under long‐term laboratory conditions

Mitura, A.; Liebert, F.; Schlumbohm, Christina; Fuchs, Eberhard

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00524.x

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Three adult marmoset monkeys ( Callithrix jacchus ), 1 female, 2 males (350–480 g) were obtained from the breeding colony at the German Primate Center. Housing of marmosets has been described before (Mitura et al 2012). Two marmosets received a brain lesion with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (see below).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NDRG2 as a marker protein for brain astrocytes

et al. 2014

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The protein NDRG2 (N-myc downregulated gene 2) is expressed in astrocytes. We show here that NDRG2 is located in the cytosol of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes throughout the mammalian brain, including Bergmann glia as observed in mouse, rat, tree shrew, marmoset and human. NDRG2 immunoreactivity is detectable in the astrocytic cell bodies and excrescencies including fine distal processes. Glutamatergic and GABAergic nerve terminals are associated with NDRG2 immunopositive astrocytic processes. Müller glia in the retina displays no NDRG2 immunoreactivity. NDRG2 positive astrocytes are more abundant and more evenly distributed in the brain than GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) immunoreactive cells. Some regions with very little GFAP such as the caudate nucleus show pronounced NDRG2 immunoreactivity. In white matter areas, NDRG2 is less strong than GFAP labeling. Most NDRG2 positive somata are immunoreactive for S100ß but not all S100ß cells express NDRG2. NDRG2 positive astrocytes do not express nestin and NG2 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4). The localization of NDRG2 overlaps only partially with that of aquaporin 4, the membrane-bound water channel that is concentrated in the astrocytic endfeet. Reactive astrocytes at a cortical lesion display very little NDRG2, which indicates that expression of the protein is reduced in reactive astrocytes. In conclusion, our data show that NDRG2 is a specific marker for a large population of mature, non-reactive brain astrocytes. Visualization of NDRG2 immunoreactive structures may serve as a reliable tool for quantitative studies on numbers of astrocytes in distinct brain regions and for high-resolution microscopy studies on distal astrocytic processes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00441-014-1837-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NDRG2 as a marker protein for brain astrocytes

et al. 2014

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“…This is also a large range and with a diet high in insects, Nycticebus are believed to have high protein requirements although this is purely speculative. Similar hypotheses were made for callitrichids, however, was debunked by Mitura et al [2012] whose study showed pathologies only appearing in Callithrix receiving diets less than 6% high quality crude protein. One long term study showed a diet of 15% crude protein on a dry matter basis is adequate for maintenance, normal breeding, and social behaviors [Flurer and Zucker, 1985].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Diets high in fruits and low in gum exudates promote the occurrence and development of dental disease in pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus)

Cabana

Nekaris

2015

Zoo Biology

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Asian slow lorises are found in zoos and rescue centres worldwide with Nycticebus pygmaeus, the pygmy slow loris, boasting the largest population in captivity. Diet are reportedly high in fruit and concentrates and low in insects and exudates. Wild feeding studies place insects, nectar, and gums as the most important diet components. Captive populations also show high incidences of health afflictions, many of which may be caused by nutrition. Our study, aims at identifying a causative agent within the diets of N. pygmaeus in regards to diseases prominent within captive populations. We sent out 55 diet and health questionnaires to institutions worldwide. Returned diets were nutritionally analyzed. Nutrient values and proportions of each ingredient were used in a principle components analysis. Resulting factors were used as variables in a binary logistic regression (BLR), with dental disease as the dependent variable. 39 questionnaires were returned with a total of 47 diets. 20 (51.7%) institutions reported the presence of diseases with dental issues being prominent. Factors that were significant in the principle components analysis included gum, nectar, protein, acid detergent fibre, calcium, ash, phosphorus, potassium, Ca:P, magnesium, vitamin D, and energy. Gum was the only significant predictor in the BLR. Lastly, a chi square test for association was performed with the presence of dental disease as the dependent variable and the amount of fruit in the diet. The combination of high fruits and little to no gum promotes the occurrence of dental diseases. Current captive diets do not reflect the evolutionary adaptations of Nycticebus primates. Zoo Biol. 34:547–553, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…The high protein requirement was disputed by Flurer and Zucker (1985). A protein concentration of 15% or approximately 5 g of protein/kg of body weight per day was shown to maintain body weight, energy levels, and normal social behaviors, and did not lead to symptoms of MWS (Flurer & Zucker, 1985;Mitura, Liebert, Schulumbohm, & Fuchs, 2012;Tardif et al, 1998).…”

Section: The Leading Mws Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of possible nutritional and stress risk factors in the development of marmoset wasting syndrome

Cabana¹,

Maguire²,

Hsu³

et al. 2018

Zoo Biology

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Marmoset wasting syndrome (MWS) describes a series of symptoms in callitrichids that lead to general weakness and a failure to thrive in captive conditions such as zoological institutions. Though the cause of MWS has not been identified, the majority of hypotheses are linked to deficiencies of specific nutrients and increased stress levels. Questionnaires were sent to zoos requesting information on diets and housing of currently living and dead callitrichids before their deaths, as well as their postmortem reports. Risk factors for development and occurrence of MWS include close proximity of predator enclosures and high levels of dietary magnesium and zinc. Variables with effects which may protect against the development of MWS included provision of a nest box, natural trees within enclosure, reduced visibility to visitors, as well as dietary factors such as higher concentrations of potassium and fiber fractions. The protective effects of limited concentrate feeds and increased total dietary fiber may help reduce the risks of developing MWS. The minerals may not have biological implications in MWS per se, however, they may be reflective of diets too high in concentrates and too low in plant matter. Habitat designs that are less naturalistic and those which provide insufficient privacy or hide areas may increase chronic stress for callitrichid species, possibly because of visitor-related stress. Other causes of chronic stress in captive zoo populations should be the topic of further research to reduce occurrence of MWS.

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Improving the energy and nutrient supply for common marmoset monkeys fed under long‐term laboratory conditions

Abstract: The newly developed feeding concept yielded promising preliminary data for long-term studies of energy and nutrient supply under laboratory conditions. However, studies of the fundamental requirements are still needed.

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

NDRG2 as a marker protein for brain astrocytes

NDRG2 as a marker protein for brain astrocytes

Diets high in fruits and low in gum exudates promote the occurrence and development of dental disease in pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus)

Identification of possible nutritional and stress risk factors in the development of marmoset wasting syndrome

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