“…A broad range of antimicrobial textile products, for example, hygienic clothing, underwear, socks, shoe linings, outdoor textiles, air filters, automotive textiles, domestic home furnishings, and medical textiles have been developed to respond the substantial demand. Generally, the antimicrobial activity of textiles results from antimicrobial agents, such as quaternary ammonium compounds, triclosan, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) noble metals, and metal oxides (TiO 2 , ZnO). Because most of the antimicrobials cannot be chemically linked to textile fibers, the antimicrobial efficiency of the leaching agents directly depends on their concentration and does not withstand repeated laundering processes.…”