Improving Tests of Theories Positing Interaction

A Tutorial on Testing, Visualizing, and Probing an Interaction Involving a Multicategorical Variable in Linear Regression Analysis

“…Ultimately, the symmetry property of interactions (Darlington & Hayes, 2017;Hayes, 2013) tells us that one person's independent variable or focal predictor could be another person's moderator when interpreting the same model, depending on how the question is phrased. Furthermore, sometimes it is helpful to examine a model and probe an interaction twice, flipping the roles of focal predictor and moderator (see, e.g., Berry, Golder, & Milton, 2012). But when we say independent variable or focal predictor, we mean the variable whose effect on Y is being estimated.…”

Electoral Confidence and Political Budget Cycles in Non-OECD Countries

“…The substantive findings of this paper remain robust to this model adjustment. 26 This graph follows the suggestions of Berry et al (2012). 27 The scale for the effect on the budget balance can be found on the left y-axis.…”

Acting Right? Privatization, Encompassing Interests, and the Left

“…Partisanship effects on privatization are not always present. In plotting the figure, I adopt the recent suggestion by Berry, Golder, and Milton (2012) to plot the sample distribution of the 'conditioning' variable, in this case P R. 42 This indicates that there is a preponderance of data drawn from higher electoral proportionality contexts. A methodological and a substantive point are worth making, here.…”