“…To investigate the possibility to cultivate the Desmodesmus strains in a broader range of saline wastewaters (Yang et al, 2022) or even Baltic seawater with 2-3‰ salinity in the Bay of Bothnia, around Umeå (Sandberg et al, 2004), the effect of salt on growth and photosynthetic efficiency was tested. Desmodesmus sp.…”
Section: Effect Of Abiotic Stress On Growth and Photosynthetic Effici...mentioning
“…To investigate the possibility to cultivate the Desmodesmus strains in a broader range of saline wastewaters (Yang et al, 2022) or even Baltic seawater with 2-3‰ salinity in the Bay of Bothnia, around Umeå (Sandberg et al, 2004), the effect of salt on growth and photosynthetic efficiency was tested. Desmodesmus sp.…”
Section: Effect Of Abiotic Stress On Growth and Photosynthetic Effici...mentioning
“…However, such stress conditions often induce cellular oxidative damage, impeding microalgae growth and yielding low fatty acid yield, which escalates production costs. For example, Yang et al's research showed that heightened salinity stress elevated microalgae fatty acid accumulation while inhibiting microalgae growth [ 22 ]. Anitha demonstrated that elevated temperature and salt coupling, as well as nitrogen deficiency and salt coupling, elevated the total lipid content of Dunaliella sp., but led to biomass reduction [ 23 ].…”
Background
The induction of lipid and astaxanthin accumulation in microalgae is often achieved through abiotic stress. However, this approach usually leads to oxidative stress, which results in relatively low growth rate. Phytohormones, as important small molecule signaling substances, not only affect the growth and metabolism of microalgae but also influence the intracellular reactive oxygen species level. This study aimed to screen phytohormones that could promote the fatty acids and astaxanthin yield of heterotrophic Chromochloris zofingiensis without causing oxidative damage, and further investigate the underlying mechanisms.
Results
In the present study, among all the selected phytohormones, the addition of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) could effectively promote cell growth along with the yield of total fatty acids (TFA) and astaxanthin in heterotrophic C. zofingiensis. Notably, the highest yields of TFA and astaxanthin were achieved at 100 μM SA, 43% and 97.2% higher compared with the control, respectively. Interestingly, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which are usually increased with elevated TFA content under abiotic stresses, were significantly decreased by SA treatment. Comparative transcriptome analysis unveiled significant alterations in overall carbon metabolism by SA. Specifically, the upregulation of fatty acid synthesis pathway, upregulation of β-carotene-4-ketolase (BKT) in carotenoid synthesis aligned with biochemical findings. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis highlighted ABC transporters and GTF2B-like transcription factor as potential key regulators.
Conclusion
This study found that salicylic acid can serve as an effective regulator to promote the celling growth and accumulation of fatty acids and astaxanthin in heterotrophic C. zofingiensis without ROS elevation, which provides a promising approach for heterotrophic production of TFA and astaxanthin without growth inhibition.
Graphical Abstract
“…Salinity significantly affects the lipid accumulation in microalgae, which not only influences its growth but also resists infection by microorganisms such as bacteria. High salinity leads to increased intracellular osmotic pressure, entailing responses from physiological and biochemical mechanisms (Yang et al, 2022). High salinity impacts the fluidity and permeability of the microalgal cell membrane, under which the entry and exit of ions can be regulated through the cell membrane, and the accumulation of osmoprotective solutes as well as stress proteins becomes active.…”
Microalgae are the important part of carbon cycle in the nature, and they could utilize the carbon resource in water and soil efficiently. The abilities of microalgae to mitigate CO2 emission and produce oil with a high productivity have been proven. Hence, this third-generation biodiesel should be popularized. This review firstly introduce the basic characteristics and application fields of microalgae. Then, the influencing parameters and recent advanced technologies for the microalgae biodiesel production have been discussed. In influencing parameters for biodiesel production section, the factors of microalgae cultivation, lipid accumulation, microalgae harvesting, and lipid extraction have been summarized. In recent advanced technologies for biodiesel production section, the microalgae cultivation systems, lipid induction technologies, microalgae harvesting technologies, and lipid extraction technologies have been reviewed. This review aims to provide useful information to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for microalgae-based biodiesel production.
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