Improving pulp and paper plant MV transformer protection

Abstract

In pulp and paper plants, power transformers play a critical role in process continuity.These transformers are subject to internal short circuits, external short circuits and abnormal operating conditions.The following protection challenges to power transformers will be explored, and methods to improve the protection provided:• Remanence in a current transformer (CT) may cause misoperation of phase differential protection due to compromised CT performance.Heavy through-faults, sympathetic inrush and recovery inrush all cause high current. This combined with high remanent flux, can create a security issue. IEEE CT performance calculations will be used to support the use of dual slope differential characteristics to promote secure differential protection operation when challenged with unequal CT performance.• On transformer energizing, 2nd harmonic current has been traditionally used as a means to prevent phase differential misoperation. Certain transformers may not exhibit high enough 2nd harmonic, causing a dependability issue if the restraint is set too low. The use of 2nd and 4th harmonics for inrush detection will be shown to enhance reliability during energizing inrush situations.• Overexcitation can occur from abnormal operation of the utility system or the plant's excitation control. Causes of overexcitation will be outlined and use of volts per hertz protection explored. With overexcitation occurring from system voltage rise, the phase differential protection has been traditionally blocked using 5th harmonic restraint. This may cause an undesired non-operation of the phase differential protection if an internal fault occurs while the transformer is overexcited, causing a delay in tripping and severe damage to the transformer.A technique using adaptive phase differential pick-up value will be illustrated to overcome this challenge.• On resistance-grounded power transformers, phase differential protection sensitivity for ground faults near the neutral is decreased. The use of ground differential protection will be explored and the increased sensitivity gained will be demonstrated.

Injection Current into the Power Transformer as an Internal Fault Phenomena for Measuring the Differential Relay Performance

“…(1), differential relay is not activated, if the fault that occur on outside the protection zone of power transformer [8]. Related to currents detected by differential relays [9,10] to changes in the protection of transformer power, such as the conversion in Eq. (3).…”