Improving Miscible Displacement by Gas-Water Injection

Abstract

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 213, 1958, pages 281–283.Paper presented at 32nd Annual Fall Meeting of Society of Petroleum Engineers in Dallas, Tex., Oct. 6–9, 1957. ABSTRACT Miscible displacement recovers all oil in the area contacted by the injected fluid, whereas water or immiscible gas drives usually leave substantial amounts of oil as residual. However, the poor mobility ratios associated with a gas-driven miscible displacement cause the sweep pattern efficiency to be much lower than that obtained with water flooding. One way in which the sweep efficiency in a miscible displacement process can be increased is by decreasing the mobility behind the flooding front. This can be achieved by injecting water along with the gas which drives the miscible slug. This water reduces the relative permeability to gas in this area and thus lowers the total mobility. The main operating conditions for the simultaneous injection process are that a zone of gas exists between the miscible slug and the leading edge of the water and that a sufficient amount of gas be injected with the water to form the gas volume which is being left in the water zone. Laboratory model studies have shown that the ultimate sweep pattern efficiency can be as high as 90 per cent for a five-spot flooding system. If gas alone is used as the driving medium an ultimate sweep-out efficiency of about 60 per cent would be obtained in the same system. INTRODUCTION The miscible displacement processes are a step towards total oil recovery. Conventional gas or water drives usually leave 25 to 50 per cent of the oil as residual in the swept portion of the reservoir. This residual can be eliminated if the oil is driven by a fluid with which it is miscible. At some reservoir conditions natural gas will become miscible with the oil. This is the" high pressure gas process". More often, the oil does not contain enough light hydrocarbons to cause the gas to become miscible with the oil at reasonable pressures. In these cases a small band of fluid which is miscible both with the oil and gas must be kept between them. Less than 2 per cent of the reservoir volume of the slug material is needed to keep the displacement miscible.

Potential of CO2-EOR for Near-Term Decarbonization

“…To reduce the degree of fingering and stabilize the displacement front, water is injected in alternation with CO 2 in a process called Water Alternating Gas (WAG; Caudle and Dyes, 1958). As viscous fingering is a common challenge in CO 2 -EOR, over 90% of CO 2 -EOR operations around the world have employed WAG techniques (Merchand, 2017).…”

Enhanced Oil Recovery: Potentialities of the WAG injection (Water Alternating Gas)

“…Em 2001, Christensen et al 10 Outro trabalho importante sobre a injeção de WAG foi a partir de um estudo de laboratório realizado por Caudle e Dyes, em 1958. 21 Eles propuseram uma técnica para melhorar o desempenho da injeção contínua de gás, sobretudo através da redução da mobilidade do fluido deslocante e do consequente aumento da eficiência de varrido. A ideia foi alternar colchões de gás e água, de forma que houvesse trapeamento parcial do primeiro pelo segundo fluido, levando a efeitos de histerese c de permeabilidade relativa capazes de reduzir a mobilidade do gás e provocar sua divergência para regiões inicialmente não varridas.…”

Pore-Scale Modeling of Three-Phase WAG Injection: Prediction of Relative Permeabilities and Trapping for Different Displacement Cycles

“…The match to the saturation path using network modeling is good as are the predictions of relative permeability (Figs. [6][7][8].…”

“…Water alternating gas (WAG) injection is one of the many improved oil recovery methods that involve three-phase fluid flow. It was originally proposed as a method to improve the sweep efficiency of gas by using water to control the mobility ratio and to stabilize the front 7,8 . Although WAG flooding has been successfully applied to more than 60 oilfields worldwide, there is still an incomplete understanding of the pore-scale physics of the process and how it leads to improved oil recovery, especially in systems with non-uniform wettability.…”