Improving livestock feed safety and infection prevention: Removal of bacterial contaminants from hay using cold water, bubbles and ultrasound

A proof‐of‐concept study of the removal of early and late phase biofilm from skin wound models using a liquid acoustic stream

“…The fundamentals of the LAWS device have previously been shown to remove bacterial biofilm from hard surfaces. 20 , 27 , 28 , 30 However, soft, biological surfaces offer very different and inconstant acoustic parameters. Variable surface transmission and reflection combined with varying tissue impedance inevitably alter the acoustic environment.…”

“…The fundamentals of the LAWS device have previously been shown to remove bacterial biofilm from hard surfaces 20,27,28,30 . However, soft, biological surfaces offer very different and inconstant acoustic parameters.…”

“…Earlier studies found that by delivering shear and liquid microcirculatory currents at the end of a liquid stream, they could remove a range of contaminants from solid surfaces, including brain tissue from surgical steel, 26 bacteria from hay, 26,27 and marine biofilms from hull material 28 . It was noted that, if the surface is structured, contoured or contains crevices from which contaminant is difficult to remove and hence difficult to clean, acoustic forces will drive the rippling bubbles into pores to enhance cleaning 29 .…”

“…These ripples cause liquid microcirculatory currents close to the bubble wall 23 and shear forces on solid surfaces near the bubble, and these can be delivered onto a target down a water stream if the sound can be made to propagate down the stream 19 and if, at the target, it can generate the conditions needed to excite these waves. 24,25 Earlier studies found that by delivering shear and liquid microcirculatory currents at the end of a liquid stream, they could remove a range of contaminants from solid surfaces, including brain tissue from surgical steel, 26 bacteria from hay, 26,27 and marine biofilms from hull material. 28 It was noted that, if the surface is structured, contoured or contains crevices from which contaminant is difficult to remove and hence difficult to clean, acoustic forces will drive the rippling bubbles into pores to enhance cleaning.…”

The Possibilities of Using Ultrasonically Activated Streams to Reduce the Risk of Foodborne Infection from Salad

“…This will allow the convection and shear forces to scrub contaminants thoroughly from the surface (Leighton 2015). The effectiveness of UAS in the removal of both non-biological and biological contaminant and biofilms from various surfaces have been demonstrated in previous controlled studies (Birkin et al 2015, Salta et al 2016, Malakoutikhah et al 2020, Secker et al 2020, Chong et al 2021.…”